Imiba ye-Metallization kwi-semiconductor processing, efana ne-electromigration kunye nokunyuka kokumelana noqhagamshelwano, kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-chip kunye nokuthembeka. Ezi ngxaki zibangelwa ikakhulu kukutshintsha kobushushu kunye notshintsho lwe-microstructural. Izisombululo ziquka ulawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo usebenzisa i-industrial chillers, iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano eziphuculweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphambili.