Metallization nyaya mu semiconductor kugadzirisa, senge electromigration uye kuwedzera kuonana kuramba, zvinogona kukanganisa chip performance uye kuvimbika. Aya matambudziko anonyanya kukonzerwa nekushanduka kwekushisa uye shanduko ye microstructural. Mhinduro dzinosanganisira chaiyo tembiricha yekudzora uchishandisa maindasitiri kutonhora, yakagadziridzwa maitiro ekusangana, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvepamberi.