Kei hea te rauna e whai ake nei o te pikinga o te tukatuka taiaho tino tika?

Kāore i roa kua pahure ake nei, i whakapuaki mana a Apple Inc. i te tukunga o te whakatupuranga hou o te iPhone 14, me te pupuri tonu i te tikanga o te whakahou kotahi i te tau. He maha ngā kaiwhakamahi e ohorere ana i te "whanaketanga o te iPhone ki te whakatupuranga 14". Ā, i tere tonu te riro i a ia neke atu i te 1 miriona pukapuka ipurangi i te mākete Haina. Kei te rongonui tonu te iPhone i waenga i te hunga rangatahi.

Nā ngā waea atamai i tīmata te tono tuatahi mō te tukatuka taiaho tino tika

Neke atu i te tekau tau ki muri, i te wā i whakarewahia ai ngā waea atamai, he iti tonu te taumata o te hangarau tukatuka taiaho ahumahi. He mea hou, he mea kau te taiaho muka me te taiaho tino tere i te mākete Haina, kāore e kore ko te tukatuka taiaho tino tika. Mai i te tau 2011, kua āta whakamahia te tohu taiaho tino tika iti i Haina. I taua wā, i kōrerohia te taiaho matomato totoka iti-mana me te taiaho ultraviolet. Ā, i nāianei, kua āta whakamahia te taiaho tino tere mō ngā kaupapa arumoni, ā, kei te kōrerohia te tukatuka taiaho tino tere.

Ko te whakamahinga nui o te tukatuka taiaho tika e ahu mai ana i te whanaketanga o ngā waea atamai. Ko te whakaputanga o ngā kiriata kāmera, ngā waeine tapumati, ngā kī HOME, ngā kōhao matapo kāmera, me ngā panera tapahi waea pūkoro āhua koretake, me ētahi atu, katoa e whai hua ana i te whanaketanga hangarau o te tapahi taiaho tika tere rawa. Ko te pakihi tukatuka tika o ngā kaihanga tukatuka taiaho tika matua o Haina i ahu mai i ngā hikohiko kaihoko. Arā, ko te huringa whakamutunga o te puāwaitanga o te tukatuka taiaho tika e whakakahangia ana e ngā hikohiko kaihoko, inā koa ngā waea atamai me ngā panera whakaaturanga.

Te Tapahi Paewhiri Taiaho

Mai i te tau 2021, kua heke te auau o ngā hua kaihoko pēnei i ngā waea atamai, ngā poroporo ringaringa mau, me ngā papa whakaatu, ā, kua ngoikore haere te tono mō ngā taputapu tukatuka hiko kaihoko, ā, kua nui ake te pēhanga ki tōna tipu. Nō reira, ka taea e te iPhone14 hou te tīmata i tētahi rauna hou o te pikinga tukatuka? Engari i runga i te ia o nāianei e iti ake ana te hiahia o te tangata ki te hoko waea hou, he tino pono kāore e taea e ngā waea atamai te whai wāhi ki te tipu hou o te tono mākete. Ka taea e te 5G me ngā waea takai i rongonui i ētahi tau kua pahure ake nei te kawe mai i te whakakapinga hea. Nō reira, kei hea te rauna e whai ake nei o te pikinga tono i roto i te tukatuka taiaho tika?

Te pikinga ake o te umanga haurua-ā-ira me te maramara o Haina

He wheketere tūturu a Haina o te ao. I te tau 2020, ko te uara tāpiri o te umanga hanga o Haina e 28.5% o te ao. Ko te umanga hanga nui o Haina te mea e kawe mai ana i te pūmanawa nui o te mākete mō te tukatuka me te hanga laser. Heoi, he ngoikore te kohikohi hangarau o te umanga hanga o Haina i te tīmatanga, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei he ahumahi waenga me te iti. Kua kitea e te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei he ahunga whakamua nui i roto i te mīhini, te kawe waka, te pūngao, te miihini moana, te rererangi, ngā taputapu hanga, me ētahi atu, tae atu ki te whanaketanga o ngā laser me ngā taputapu laser, kua tino whakawhāiti i te āputa ki te taumata matatau o te ao.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te Semiconductor Industry Association, ko Haina te whenua nui o te ao e hanga ana i ngā whare hanga tere rawa atu, me te 31 ngā whare hanga nui e aro ana ki te tukanga kua pakeke e tumanakohia ana ka oti i te mutunga o te tau 2024; kua nui atu te tere i ngā whare hanga 19 kua whakaritea kia whakamahia ki Taiwan, Haina i taua wā anō, me ngā whare hanga 12 e tumanakohia ana ki te United States.

Kāore i roa kua pahure ake nei, i kī a Haina kua pakaru te umanga hiko whakauru o Shanghai i te tukanga maramara 14nm, ā, kua tutuki i a ia tētahi tauine whakaputa papatipu. Mō ētahi o ngā maramara neke atu i te 28nm e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu kāinga, ngā motuka me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e whakamanamana ana a Haina kua hipa ake i te tukanga whakaputa pakeke, ā, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i te tono whānui mō te nuinga o ngā maramara i roto i te whare. Nā te whakaurunga o te Ture CHIPS o Amerika, kua kaha ake te whakataetae hangarau maramara i waenga i a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika, ā, tera pea he nui ake te tuku. I te tau 2021 i kitea he hekenga nui o ngā kawemai maramara a Haina.

Maramara Tukatuka Reera

Ko te taiaho e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukatuka maramara haurua-haurua

Ko ngā angaanga te rauemi taketake o ngā hua haurua-ira me ngā maramara, me whakakanapa ā-mīhini i muri i te tipu. I te wāhanga o muri mai, he mea nui te tapahi angaanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te tapahi angaanga. Kua whakawhanakehia, kua pakari hoki te hangarau tapahi angaanga taiaho DPSS poto-pānga i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika. I te piki haere o te kaha o ngā taiaho tere-rahi, ka noho hei mea matua te whakamahinga ā muri ake nei, inā koa i roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te tapahi angaanga, te keri-iti i ngā kōhao, me ngā whakamātautau beta kati. He nui te kaha o te tono mō ngā taputapu taiaho tere-rahi.

Ināianei, kei reira ngā kaihanga taputapu taiaho tino tika i Haina e taea ai te whakarato i ngā taputapu mokowā wafer, ka taea te whakamahi ki te mokowā mata o ngā wafer 12-inihi i raro i te tukanga 28nm, me ngā taputapu tapahi taiaho crypto wafer e whakamahia ana ki ngā maramara pūoko MEMS, ngā maramara mahara me ētahi atu mara hanga maramara teitei. I te tau 2020, i whakawhanakehia e tētahi umanga taiaho nui i Shenzhen ngā taputapu tango hononga taiaho hei whakatutuki i te wehenga o ngā poro karāhe me te silicon, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hei hanga maramara haurua-whakakotahi teitei.

Wafer Maramara Tapahi Taiaho

I waenganui o te tau 2022, i whakarewahia e tētahi umanga taiaho i Wuhan ngā taputapu tapahi taiaho aunoa-katoa, ā, i angitu te whakamahi ki te maimoatanga mata taiaho i roto i te mara o ngā maramara. Ka whakamahia e te taputapu he taiaho femtosecond tino tika me te kaha pāorooro tino iti hei mahi i te whakarerekētanga taiaho ki runga i te mata o ngā rauemi semiconductor i roto i te awhe micron, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā taputapu optoelectronic semiconductor. He pai te taputapu mō ngā tapahi whakarerekētanga ā-roto o te SiC, GaAs, LiTaO3 me ētahi atu maramara wafer utu nui, whaiti-awa (≥20um), pērā i ngā maramara silicon, ngā maramara pūoko MEMS, ngā maramara CMOS, me ētahi atu.

Kei te aro atu a Haina ki ngā raruraru hangarau matua o ngā mīhini whakairo, ka piki ake te hiahia mō ngā taiaho excimer me ngā taiaho ultraviolet tino nui e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini whakairo, engari he iti noa ngā rangahau i tēnei mara i mua i Haina.

Ko ngā pane tukatuka taiaho tika mō ngā mea papai me ngā maramara ka noho hei ngaru hou o te rongonui

Nā te ngoikore o te umanga maramara haurua-waenga o Haina i mua, he iti noa ngā rangahau me ngā tono mō ngā maramara tukatuka taiaho, i whakamahia tuatahitia i roto i te huihuinga whakamutunga o ngā hua hiko kaihoko o raro. I te heke mai, ka neke haere te mākete matua mō te tukatuka taiaho tika i Haina mai i te tukatuka o ngā wāhanga hiko whānui ki ngā rauemi o runga me ngā wāhanga matua, inā koa te whakarite i ngā rauemi haurua-waenga, te hauora, me ngā rauemi polymer.

Ka nui haere ngā tukanga tono taiaho i roto i te umanga maramara haurua-ira. Mō ngā hua maramara tino tika, ko te tukatuka whatu kore-pa te tikanga tino pai. Nā te nui o te tono mō ngā maramara, tera pea ka whai wāhi te umanga maramara ki te rauna e whai ake nei o te tono mō ngā taputapu tukatuka taiaho tino tika.