Kuchokera: www.industrial-lasers.com
Kutumiza kunja kwa laser ndi chithandizo cha boma zikupitiliza kukula
Koray Eken
Chuma chosiyanasiyana, kuyandikira ku Europe, Middle East, ndi Central Asia, kuphatikizana ndi misika yakunja, mthandizi wakunja wa kulowa mu EU, kayendetsedwe ka chuma kolimba, ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndizomwe zimayambitsa chiyembekezo cha Turkey kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuyambira vuto la 2001, dzikolo lakhala ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zakula bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi kukula kwachuma kwa magawo 27 otsatizana pakati pa 2002 ndi 2008 chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola, kukhala chuma cha nambala 17 padziko lonse lapansi.
Makampani opanga makina, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mafakitale m'maiko onse, akhala akuyendetsa njira yokulirakulira kwa mafakitale ku Turkey, ndi kukula mwachangu kutengera zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera phindu komanso zopereka ku magawo ena. Chifukwa cha izi, makampani opanga makina akhala akuchita bwino kwambiri kuposa nthambi zina zamakampani opanga, ndipo chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja nthawi zonse chimakhala choposa avareji ya zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kwa mafakitale aku Turkey. Ponena za mtengo wa makina opangidwa, Turkey ili pa nambala 6 ku Europe.
Makampani opanga makina ku Turkey akhala akukula pafupifupi 20% pachaka kuyambira mu 1990. Kupanga makina kunayamba kutenga gawo lowonjezeka la katundu wotumizidwa kunja kwa dzikolo ndipo, mu 2011, kunapitirira $11.5 biliyoni (8.57%) ya katundu wonse wotumizidwa kunja ($134.9 biliyoni), zomwe zinali kuwonjezeka kwa 22.8% kuposa chaka chatha.
Pa chikondwerero cha zaka 100 cha dzikolo mu 2023, makampani opanga makina adapatsidwa cholinga chachikulu chotumiza kunja kuti afike ku US $ 100 biliyoni ya zinthu zotumizidwa kunja ndi gawo la 2.3% ya msika wapadziko lonse. Makampani opanga makina aku Turkey akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cha pachaka cha compound annual growth (CAGR) cha 17.8% pofika chaka cha 2023, pomwe gawo la gawo la zinthu zotumizidwa kunja ku Turkey likuyembekezeka kukhala osachepera 18%.
Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati
Kukula kwa gawo la makina aku Turkey kumathandizidwa ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe amapikisana kwambiri komanso osinthika, omwe amapanga gawo lalikulu la mafakitale. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati aku Turkey amapereka antchito achichepere, amphamvu, komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino kuphatikiza ndi malingaliro aukadaulo pantchito. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa zachuma za mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, pali zolimbikitsa zina zomwe zimaperekedwa, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa pamisonkho ya misonkho, kuchotsedwa pa VAT pamakina ndi zida zogulira kunja ndi kunja, kugawa ngongole kuchokera ku bajeti, ndi chithandizo cha chitsimikizo cha ngongole. Mofananamo, Bungwe Lopanga Zamakampani Ang'onoang'ono ndi Apakatikati (KOSGEB) limapereka chithandizo chofunikira pakulimbitsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zothandizira ndalama, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, malo ogwirira ntchito, kafukufuku wamsika, malo osungira ndalama, malonda, kutumiza kunja, ndi maphunziro. Mu 2011, KOSGEB idagwiritsa ntchito $208.3 miliyoni pa chithandizochi.
Chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa gawo la magawo a makina m'mafakitale onse otumiza kunja omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba, ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko zayamba kukwera posachedwapa. Mu 2010, ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko zinakwana $6.5 biliyoni, zomwe zinali 0.84% ya GDP. Pofuna kuonjezera ndikulimbikitsa ntchito za kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, mabungwe aboma amapereka zolimbikitsa zambiri pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko.
Industrial Laser Solutions yakhala ikutsatira kufunika kwa dera la Kumadzulo kwa Asia, makamaka Turkey, ngati msika wofunikira kwambiri wa laser. Mwachitsanzo, IPG Photonics yatsegula ofesi yatsopano ku Istanbul, Turkey, kuti ipereke chithandizo ndi ntchito zakomweko kwa ma fiber laser a kampaniyo ku Turkey ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Izi zikusonyeza kudzipereka kwa IPG kuderali, zomwe zithandiza kampaniyo kupereka chithandizo chaukadaulo mwachangu komanso mwachindunji kwa ma OEM ambiri odula laser ku Turkey omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma fiber laser awo ogwira ntchito kwambiri.
Mbiri ya processing laser ku Turkey
Mbiri ya kukonza laser ku Turkey inayamba ndi ntchito zodula m'zaka za m'ma 1990, pamene makina odulira ochokera kunja, makamaka zinthu zochokera kwa opanga makina aku Europe, adayikidwa m'makampani opanga magalimoto ndi zida zodzitetezera. Masiku ano, ma laser odulira akadali ofala. Mpaka 2010, ma laser a CO2 ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zida za kilowatt zodulira zitsulo zopyapyala komanso zokhuthala za 2D. Kenako, ma laser a fiber adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Trumpf ndi Rofin-Sinar ndi omwe amapereka chithandizo chachikulu cha ma laser a CO2, pomwe IPG ndiyo imayang'anira kwambiri ma laser a fiber, makamaka polemba ndi ma laser a kilowatt. Ogulitsa ena akuluakulu monga SPI Lasers ndi Rofin-Sinar amaperekanso zinthu za fiber laser.
Pali makampani ambiri omwe amaphatikiza makina a laser pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zili pamwambapa. Ena mwa iwo amatumizanso zinthu zomwe amaphatikiza ku US, India, Germany, Russia, ndi Brazil. Durmazlar (Bursa, Turkey – http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), Ermaksan (Bursa – www.ermaksan.com.tr), Nukon (Bursa – www.nukon.com.tr), Servenom (Kayseri – www.servonom.com.tr), Coskunöz (Bursa – www.coskunoz.com.tr), ndi Ajan (Izmir – www.ajamcnc.com) ali ndi gawo lalikulu la ndalama zomwe zimapezedwa ndi laser ku Turkey, ndipo Durmazlar ndiye chophatikiza chachikulu cha makina odulira laser ku Turkey. Durmazlar, kuyambira ndi makina odulira laser a CO2, yapanga makina odulira fiber laser a kilowatt kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi. Kampaniyi tsopano imapanga makina odulira oposa 40 pamwezi, 10 mwa iwo tsopano ndi mayunitsi a fiber laser a kilowatt. Masiku ano makina 50,000 a Durma amathandiza kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.
Ermaksan ndi kampani ina yotsogola kwambiri yopanga makina, yomwe imapanga makina opitilira 3000 pachaka, omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi ma laser a CO2. Tsopano akuperekanso makina a kilowatt fiber laser.
Nukon adakhazikitsa ma fiber lasers ndikutumiza makina oyamba mwa anayi omwe adapangidwa. Kampaniyo ipanga ndalama zokwana €3 miliyoni kuti ichepetse njira yopangira yomwe ilipo kuyambira masiku 60 mpaka masiku 15.
Servenom idakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ndipo idayamba ntchito yake yopanga ndi CNC laser cutting and marking komanso CNC plasma metal processing machines. Cholinga chake ndi kukhala imodzi mwa makampani omwe amakondedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'gawo lake. Chifukwa cha ndalama zake zokwana €200 miliyoni, Coskunöz idayamba ntchito zomwe zikugwirizana ndi makampani opanga zinthu aku Turkey mu 1950 ndipo tsopano ndi imodzi mwa magulu otsogola a mafakitale. Ajan idakhazikitsidwa mu 1973, ndipo m'zaka zingapo zapitazi yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri kudula ndi kupanga ma sheet metal.
Mu 2005, katundu wochokera ku Turkey wotumizidwa kunja kwa laser anali $480,000 (ma laser 23), pomwe katundu wochokera ku laser anali $45.2 miliyoni (ma laser 740). Mitengoyi inkawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono chaka chilichonse kupatula mu 2009, pomwe zotsatira za kusakhazikika kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi zinafika, ndipo mitengo yochokera kunja inatsika kufika pa $46.9 miliyoni kuchokera pa $81.6 miliyoni mu 2008. Mitengoyi inabweza pafupifupi zonse zomwe zinatayika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010.
Komabe, mitengo yotumizira kunja sinakhudzidwe ndi kutsika kwachuma, inakwera kuchoka pa $7.6 miliyoni kufika pa $17.7 miliyoni chaka chimenecho. Mu 2011, chiwerengero chonse cha kutumiza kunja kwa laser ku Turkey chinali pafupifupi $27.8 miliyoni (ma laser 126). Poyerekeza ndi ziwerengero zotumizira kunja, kutumiza kunja kwa laser kunali kokwera ndi ndalama zokwana $104.3 miliyoni (ma laser 1,630). Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti ziwerengero zotumizira kunja ndi kutumiza kunja zimakhala zokwera ndi ma laser omwe amatumiza kapena kutumiza kunja ngati gawo la machitidwe omwe ali ndi ma HS Code osiyanasiyana, ngakhale nthawi zina olakwika, (malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi azinthu zamalonda).
Makampani ofunikira
Turkey yachitapo kanthu kofunikira kwambiri pamakampani oteteza m'zaka 20 zapitazi. Popeza ndi dziko lodalira mayiko ena m'mbuyomu, masiku ano Turkey ikupanga ndikupanga zinthu zake zachikhalidwe kudzera mu mwayi wadziko lonse. Mu dongosolo la 2012-2016, lomwe laperekedwa ndi Under-secretariat for Defense Industries, cholinga chake ndi kufikira $US2 biliyoni yotumizira kunja kwa chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa makampani oteteza kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wa laser pakupanga ndi kupanga.
Malinga ndi lipoti la Turkey Industrial Strategy Report lomwe limafotokoza za nthawi ya pakati pa 2011 ndi 2014, cholinga chachikulu cha dzikolo chinali "kuwonjezera mpikisano ndi magwiridwe antchito a makampani aku Turkey ndikufulumizitsa kusintha kukhala kapangidwe ka makampani komwe kali ndi gawo lalikulu pakutumiza kunja padziko lonse lapansi, komwe makamaka zinthu zamakono zapamwamba, zokhala ndi mtengo wowonjezera, zimapangidwa, zomwe zili ndi antchito oyenerera komanso zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe komanso anthu." Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi, "kuwonjezera kulemera kwa magawo apakati ndi apamwamba pakupanga ndi kutumiza kunja" ndi chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu zomwe zafotokozedwa. Mphamvu, chakudya, magalimoto, ukadaulo wazidziwitso, ndi kulumikizana, "makina a laser ndi optical," ndi ukadaulo wopanga makina ndi madera oyambira omwe adzayang'ana kwambiri cholingachi.
Bungwe Lalikulu la Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo (SCST) ndi bungwe lopanga mfundo za Sayansi-Ukadaulo-Kupanga Zinthu Zatsopano (STI) lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi Nduna Yaikulu, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zopangira zisankho pa mfundo za dziko lonse za STI. Pa Msonkhano wa 23 wa SCST mu 2011, zidagogomezeredwa kuti magawo ofunika kwambiri omwe amalimbikitsa ubwino wa zachuma, kupereka chitukuko cha ukadaulo ndikuwonjezera mpikisano, ndi kafukufuku wopitilira, ayenera kuonedwa ngati magawo ofunikira omwe amawonjezera mpikisano ndikupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika cha Turkey. Gawo la kuwala limaonedwa ngati limodzi mwa magawo amphamvu awa.
Ngakhale kuti zinthu m'makampani opanga ma laser zasintha mwachangu chifukwa cha chidwi cha ma laser a fiber kwa makampani odulira ndi makampani oteteza, Turkey sinali ndi opanga ma laser, zomwe zinatumiza ma module onse a laser kuchokera kunja. Ngakhale popanda deta ya makampani oteteza, kutumiza ma laser kunali pafupifupi $100 miliyoni. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wa optic ndi laser unalengezedwa ngati gawo laukadaulo lanzeru lomwe lidzathandizidwa ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, ndi chithandizo cha boma, FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) idakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ngati kampani yoyamba yamafakitale yomwe imachita nawo ntchito za R&D m'dera la fiber laser. Kampaniyo imapanga, imapanga, ndikupanga ma laser a fiber ku Turkey (onani mbali ya "Turkey fiber laser pioneer").
Monga momwe lipotili likusonyezera, dziko la Turkey lakhala msika wodziwika bwino wa makina opangira laser, ndipo dzikolo lapanganso malo okulirapo ogulitsa makina omwe akupita patsogolo m'misika yambiri yapadziko lonse. Ntchito yoyambira ya laser ya m'dziko muno yayamba, yomwe iyamba kupereka zosowa za ophatikiza makina. ✺
Turkey CHIKWANGWANI laser mpainiya
FiberLAST (Ankara), inali kampani yoyamba yamakampani yomwe imagwira ntchito yofufuza ndi kukonza za fiber laser ku Turkey. Idakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 kuti ipange, kupanga, ndi kupanga ma fiber laser ku Turkey. Mothandizidwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite, gulu la FiberLAST lapanga ma fiber laser akeake. Kampaniyo imapanga ndikupanga ma fiber laser mogwirizana ndi Bilkent University ndi Middle East Technical University (METU). Ngakhale cholinga chachikulu chili pamakina amakampani, kampaniyo ikhozanso kupanga ma fiber laser ofunikira makasitomala apadera komanso maphunziro ndi sayansi. FiberLAST yapeza ndalama zambiri zofufuzira ndi chitukuko cha boma mpaka pano, itasaina mapangano ofufuza ndi KOSGEB (bungwe la boma lothandizira amalonda ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati) ndi TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). FiberLAST ili ndi kuthekera kotsatira kusintha kwamaphunziro ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zake ndikupanga zinthu zapakhomo komanso zatsopano padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi njira izi, ukadaulo wake wa fiber laser wopangidwa kale uli pamsika wogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro.
