Ukusuka: www.industrial-lasers.com
Ukuthunyelwa kweLaser kumazwe angaphandle kunye nenkxaso karhulumente iyaqhubeka nokukhula
Koray Eken
Uqoqosho olwahlukeneyo, ukusondela kweYurophu, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye ne-Asia Ephakathi, ukuhlanganiswa neemarike zangaphandle, i-anchor yangaphandle yokungena kwi-EU, ulawulo oluluqilima loqoqosho, kunye nohlaziyo lwezakhiwo zizinto eziqhuba amathemba exesha elide laseTurkey. Ukusukela kwintlekele ka-2001, ilizwe libe nelona lizwe likhule ngempumelelo ehlabathini ngokukhula koqoqosho kwiikota ezingama-27 ezilandelelanayo phakathi kuka-2002 no-2008 ngenxa yokwanda kwemveliso, ibe lilizwe le-17 ngobukhulu ehlabathini.
Ishishini loomatshini, elibaluleke kakhulu kushishino lwamazwe onke, libe negalelo ekuqhubeni inkqubo yoshishino lwaseTurkey, ngokukhula okukhawulezayo okusekwe kwiimveliso zexabiso elongeziweyo kunye negalelo kwamanye amacandelo. Ngenxa yoku, ishishini loomatshini libe nempumelelo ngakumbi kunamanye amasebe oshishino lokuvelisa, kwaye inani lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle belisoloko lingaphezulu komndilili wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kumashishini aseTurkey ngokubanzi. Ngokuphathelele ixabiso loomatshini abaveliswayo, iTurkey ikwindawo yesithandathu eYurophu.
Ishishini loomatshini eTurkey likhule ngesantya esiphantse sibe ngama-20% ngonyaka ukusukela ngo-1990. Imveliso yoomatshini yaqala ukuthatha inxalenye eyandayo yokuthunyelwa kwelizwe ngaphandle kwaye, ngo-2011, yadlula i-11.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi (8.57%) yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke (i-134.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi), eyayinyuke nge-22.8% kunyaka ongaphambili.
Kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-100 yelizwe ngo-2023, ishishini loomatshini lanikwa ibhongo ekujoliswe kulo lokuthumela ngaphandle ukufikelela kwi-US$100 yeebhiliyoni zeemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngesabelo se-2.3% yemalike yehlabathi. Ishishini loomatshini baseTurkey bekuqikelelwa ukuba liya kuba nesantya sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiweyo (CAGR) se-17.8% ngo-2023, xa isabelo secandelo lezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eTurkey bekulindeleke ukuba singabi ngaphantsi kwe-18%.
SMEs
Ukukhula kwecandelo loomatshini baseTurkey kuxhaswa ngamashishini amancinci akhuphisanayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa nobukhulu obuphakathi (ii-SMEs), ezenza ubuninzi bemveliso yoshishino. Ii-SME zaseTurkey zibonelela ngabasebenzi abasebatsha, abaguqukayo, nabaqeqeshwe kakuhle kudityaniswe nesimo sengqondo sobungcali emsebenzini. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zezemali zee-SMEs, kukho inkuthazo ethile enikiweyo, equka ukukhululwa kwirhafu yempahla ephumayo, ukukhululelwa kwi-VAT koomatshini nezixhobo ezithengwa kumazwe angaphandle nezithengwe ekhaya, ulwabiwo lwetyala olusuka kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kunye nenkxaso yesiqinisekiso setyala. Ngokukwanjalo, uMbutho woPhuhliso lwamaShishini amaNcinci namaPhakathi (KOSGEB) wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekomelezeni ii-SME ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhasa ngemali, R.&D, izibonelelo eziqhelekileyo, uphando lwemarike, iindawo zotyalo-mali, ukuthengisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, kunye noqeqesho. Ngo-2011, iKOSGEB yachitha i-208.3 yezigidi zeedola kule nkxaso.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwesabelo samacandelo oomatshini kurhwebo olupheleleyo lwamashishini angaphandle aqulethe ubugcisa obuphezulu, R.&D iinkcitho zisanda kuqalisa ukunyuka. Ngo-2010, uR&D iinkcitho ziphelele kwi-6.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ezibandakanya i-0.84% ye-GDP. Ukwandisa nokukhuthaza uR&D imisebenzi, amaziko karhulumente anika inkuthazo ezininzi kwi-R&D.
I-Industrial Laser Solutions ilandelela ukubaluleka kommandla we-Western Asia, ngakumbi iTurkey, njengemakethi ekhulayo yelaser. Ngokomzekelo, i-IPG Photonics ivule iofisi entsha e-Istanbul, eTurkey, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yasekhaya kunye nenkonzo ye-fiber lasers yenkampani eTurkey nakumazwe akufuphi. Oku kubonisa ukuzibophelela kwe-IPG kulo mmandla, okuya kwenza ukuba inkampani ibonelele ngokukhawuleza kunye nenkxaso yobuchwepheshe ngokuthe ngqo kwii-OEM ezininzi zokusika i-laser eTurkey ezisebenzisa iilaser zazo eziphezulu zokusebenza.
Imbali yokwenziwa kwelaser eTurkey
Imbali yokucutshungulwa kwe-laser eTurkey yaqala ngokusika izicelo kwi-1990s, xa oomatshini bokusika abangeniswa kumazwe angaphandle, ngokukodwa iimveliso ezivela kubakhiqizi bamashini baseYurophu, bafakwe kwiinkampani zeemoto kunye nezokukhusela. Namhlanje, iilaser zokusika zisaxhaphakile. Ukuza kuthi ga ngo-2010, i-CO2 lasers ilawulwa njengezixhobo ze-kilowatt-level ye-2D yokusika zombini iintsimbi ezincinci kunye nezingqimba. Emva koko, i-fiber lasers yeza ngamandla.
I-Trumpf kunye noRofin-Sinar bahamba phambili ngababoneleli be-CO2 lasers, ngelixa i-IPG ilawula i-fiber lasers, ngakumbi ukuphawula kunye ne-kilowatt lasers. Abanye ababoneleli abakhulu abanje ngeSPI Lasers kunye neRofin-Sinar nabo babonelela ngeemveliso zefiber laser.
Zininzi iinkampani ezidibanisa iinkqubo zelaser ngokusebenzisa ezi subsystems zingasentla. Abanye babo bathumela ngaphandle iimveliso abazidibanisa e-US, eIndiya, eJamani, eRashiya naseBrazil. Durmazlar (Bursa, Turkey – http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), Ermaksan (Bursa – www.ermaksan.com.tr), Nukon (Bursa – www.nukon.com). – www.servonom.com.tr), Coskunöz (Bursa – www.coskunoz.com.tr), kunye ne-Ajan (Izmir – www.ajamcnc.com) banesabelo esikhulu sengeniso ye-laser yaseTurkey, kunye ne-Durmazlar ibe yi-laser enkulu yokudibanisa umatshini wokusika eTurkey. I-Durmazlar, eqala ngoomatshini bokusika i-CO2 laser, ivelise i-kilowatt fiber laser cutting machines kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Le nkampani ngoku ivelisa ngaphezu kwe-40 koomatshini bokusika ngenyanga, i-10 ngoku iiyunithi ze-kilowatt fiber laser. Namhlanje oomatshini be-Durma abangama-50,000 banegalelo elisebenzayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela.
I-Ermaksan yenye inkampani ekhokelayo yoomatshini, ivelisa ngaphezulu koomatshini be-3000 ngonyaka, ininzi idityaniswe ne-CO2 lasers. Ngoku banikezela ngoomatshini belaser ye-kilowatt fiber ngokunjalo.
I-Nukon iphumeze iilaser zefiber kwaye yathumela ngaphandle owokuqala koomatshini abane abaveliswayo. Inkampani iya kwenza i-€3 i-investment yezigidi ukunciphisa inkqubo yangoku yokuvelisa ukusuka kwiintsuku ze-60 ukuya kwiintsuku ze-15.
I-Servenom yasekwa ngo-2007 kwaye yaqala ubomi bayo bemveliso kunye ne-CNC laser yokusika kunye nokumakisha kunye ne-CNC plasma metal processing machine production. Ijonge ukuba yenye yeebrendi ezikhethwayo zehlabathi kwicandelo layo. Ngenzuzo yayo €200 million ingeniso, Coskunöz waqala imisebenzi ehambelana neshishini lemveliso yaseTurkey ngo-1950 kwaye ngoku lelinye lamaqela aphambili amashishini. I-Ajan yasungulwa ngo-1973, kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo igxininise ekusikeni kwesinyithi kunye nokwenza.
Ngo-2005, ukuthunyelwa kwe-laser yaseTurkey kwafikelela kwi-480,000 yeedola (i-23 lasers), ngelixa ukuthengiswa kwe-laser kwakungama-45.2 ezigidi zeedola (ii-740 lasers). La mazinga anyuka ngokuthe chu kunyaka ngamnye ngaphandle kwango-2009, xa iziphumo zokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi zabetha, kwaye amazinga okungenisa elizweni ehlile ukuya kwi-$46.9 yezigidi ukusuka kwi-$81.6 yezigidi ngo-2008. Iireyithi zibuyise phantse yonke ilahleko yazo ekupheleni kuka-2010.
Nangona kunjalo, imilinganiselo yokuthumela ngaphandle ayizange ichatshazelwe kukudodobala koqoqosho, inyuka ukusuka kwi-7.6 yezigidi ukuya kwi-17.7 yezigidi zeedola ngaloo nyaka. Ngo-2011, inani lilonke lelaser yaseTurkey ethunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle ibimalunga ne-27.8 yezigidi zeerandi (i-126 lasers). Xa kuthelekiswa namanani athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukuthengwa kwelaser kwakuphezulu nge-104.3 yezigidi zeerandi (1,630 lasers). Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba amanani okungenisa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle aphezulu ngeelaser ezingenisa okanye ezithumela ngaphandle njengenxalenye yeenkqubo ezineeKhowudi zeHS ezahlukeneyo, nokuba ngamanye amaxesha azichanekanga (umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe wokufakwa kweekhowudi kwiimveliso zorhwebo).
Amashishini abalulekileyo
I-Turkey ithathe amanyathelo abalulekileyo kushishino lwezokhuselo kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo. Ukuba lilizwe elixhomekeke kwamanye amazwe kwixesha elidlulileyo, namhlanje iTurkey iphuhlisa kwaye ivelise iimveliso zayo zemveli ngamathuba elizwe. Kwisicwangciso-qhinga se-2012–2016, enikezelwa yi-Under-secretariat for Defence Industries, injongo kukufikelela kwi-US2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ke, kukho imfuno emandla yeenkampani zokhuselo ukuba zibandakanye itekhnoloji yelaser kuphuhliso kunye nemveliso.
NgokweNgxelo yeSicwangciso soShishino lwaseTurkey egubungela ixesha eliphakathi ko-2011 no-2014, injongo yeqhinga lilonke yelizwe yamiselwa “njengokonyusa ukukhuphisana nokusebenza kakuhle koshishino lwaseTurkey nokukhawulezisa inguqu kulwakhiwo lweshishini olunesabelo esingakumbi kurhwebo lwehlabathi, apho ubukhulu becala iimveliso zodidi oluphezulu, ezinexabiso eliphezulu elongezelelweyo, ziveliswa, ezithi zibe novakalelo kuluntu olufanelekileyo ngexesha elinye.” Ukuze kuphunyezwe le njongo, "ukwandisa ubunzima bamacandelo aphakathi kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwimveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe" yenye yeenjongo zeqhinga ezisisiseko eziye zachazwa. Amandla, ukutya, iimoto, ulwazi, kunye netekhnoloji yonxibelelwano, "i-laser kunye neenkqubo ze-optical," kunye nobugcisa bokuvelisa oomatshini buchazwa njengeendawo eziphambili eziza kujoliswa kule njongo.
IBhunga eliPhakamileyo leSayensi neThekhinoloji (SCST) lelona qumrhu liphezulu leSayensi-Tekhnoloji-Innovation (STI) lenza umgaqo-nkqubo ochotshelwe yiNkulumbuso, onegunya lokwenza izigqibo kumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe we-STI. KwiNtlanganiso yama-23 ye-SCST ngo-2011, kwagxininiswa ukuba amacandelo anexabiso eliphezulu elongeziweyo aphucula intlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho, abonelele ngophuculo lwetekhnoloji kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano, ngokuqhubekayo R.&D, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo amacandelo abalulekileyo okwandisa ukukhuphisana nokubonelela ngophuhliso oluzinzileyo lweTurkey. Icandelo lokukhanya libonwa njengelinye lala macandelo anamandla.
Nangona imeko kwishishini le-laser iphuculwe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yomdla kwi-fiber lasers yecandelo lokusika kunye neshishini lokukhusela, iTurkey yayingenayo imveliso ye-laser, ingenisa zonke iimodyuli ze-laser ezivela phesheya. Ngaphandle kwedatha yeshishini lokhuselo, ukuthathwa kwelaser kumalunga ne-100 yezigidi zeedola. Ke ngoko, itekhnoloji ye-optic kunye ne-laser yabhengezwa njengendawo yetekhnoloji yobuchule eya kuxhaswa ngurhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, ngenkxaso karhulumente, i-FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yasekwa kwi-2007 njengenkampani yokuqala yoshishino ebandakanyekayo kwi-R.&D umsebenzi kwindawo yefiber laser. Inkampani iyila, iphuhlise, kwaye yenza iilaser zefiber eTurkey (jonga ibar esecaleni "iTurkey fiber laser vulindlela").
Njengoko kunokubonwa kule ngxelo, iTurkey iye yaba yimarike edlamkileyo yeenkqubo zelaser, kwaye ilizwe liphuhlise isiseko esandisiweyo sababoneleli benkqubo abahamba phambili kwiimarike ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi wokuqala welaser wasekhaya uqalile, oza kuqalisa ukubonelela ngeemfuno zabahlanganisi benkqubo. ✺
I-Turkey fiber laser uvulindlela
IFiberLAST (Ankara), yayiyinkampani yokuqala yemizi-mveliso ebandakanyekayo kwifiber laser R&D umsebenzi eTurkey. Yasekwa ngo-2007 ukuyila, ukuphuhlisa, kunye nokwenza iilaser zefiber eTurkey. Ixhaswa liqela labadibanisi abaseyunivesithi, iFiberLAST's R&Iqela le-D liphuhlise ezalo iilaser zefiber. Inkampani iphuhlisa kwaye ivelise iilaser zefiber ngentsebenziswano yeYunivesithi yaseBilkent kunye neYunivesithi yaseMiddle East yobuGcisa (METU). Ngelixa eyona nto iphambili kugxilwe kwiinkqubo zoshishino, inkampani inokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zefiber laser kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zabathengi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezemfundo kunye nezesayensi. I-FiberLAST itsale urhulumente omkhulu uR&D inkxaso-mali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, emva kokutyikitya izivumelwano zophando kunye neKOSGEB (umbutho karhulumente wokuxhasa oosomashishini abancinci nabaphakathi) kunye neTUBITAK (iBhunga loPhando lwezeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji yaseTurkey). I-FiberLAST inamandla okulandela uphuculo lwezifundo kwaye isetyenziswe kwiimveliso zayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iimveliso zobunikazi kunye nezintsha kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngezi ndlela. iteknoloji yayo ifayibha laser ephuhlisiwe sele kwimarike yokumakisha izicelo.
