Kubva: www.industrial-lasers.com
Kutengeswa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika nerutsigiro rwehurumende zviri kuramba zvichikura
Koray Eken
Hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana, kuva pedyo neEurope, Middle East, neCentral Asia, kubatanidzwa nemisika yekunze, kusimudzira kupinda kweEU, manejimendi yehupfumi hwakasimba, uye shanduko yechimiro ndizvo zvinotungamira mikana yeTurkey yenguva refu. Kubva padambudziko ra2001, nyika iyi yave nekubudirira kukuru mukukura kwayo pasi rose nekuwedzera kwehupfumi kwezvikamu makumi maviri nenomwe zvakatevedzana pakati pa2002 na2008 nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekubudirira, ichiva hupfumi hwechi17 pakukura pasi rose.
Indasitiri yemichina, yakakosha mukukura kwemaindasitiri munyika dzese, ndiyo yave iri simba guru rekusimudzira maindasitiri muTurkey, nekukura nekukurumidza zvichibva pazvigadzirwa zvine kukosha kwakanyanya uye mipiro kune mamwe masevhisi. Nekuda kweizvi, indasitiri yemichina yave kubudirira kupfuura mamwe mapazi eindasitiri yekugadzira, uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika hwagara huri pamusoro peavhareji yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kumaindasitiri eTurkey. Panyaya yekukosha kwemichina inogadzirwa, Turkey iri pachinzvimbo chechitanhatu muEurope.
Indasitiri yemichina muTurkey yave ichikura nechikamu chinoda kusvika 20% pagore kubvira muna 1990. Kugadzirwa kwemichina kwakatanga kutora chikamu chinowedzera chezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye, muna 2011, zvakapfuura $11.5 bhiriyoni (8.57%) yezvinhu zvose zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika ($134.9 bhiriyoni), izvo zvaive kuwedzera kwe22.8% mugore rapfuura.
Pagore rechi100 renyika muna 2023, indasitiri yemichina yakapihwa chinangwa chikuru chekutumira kunze kwenyika chekusvika US$100 bhiriyoni yezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika nechikamu che2.3% chemusika wepasi rose. Indasitiri yemichina yeTurkey yaitarisirwa kuva nechikamu chekuwedzera kwegore negore (CAGR) che17.8% panosvika gore ra2023, apo chikamu chechikamu chezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zveTurkey chaitarisirwa kunge chiri pasi pe18%.
Mabhizinesi madiki neadiki
Kukura kwechikamu chemichina yeTurkey kunotsigirwa nemabhizinesi madiki nepakati (SMEs) ane makwikwi akasimba uye anochinjika, ayo anoumba huwandu hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri. Makambani madiki eTurkey anopa vashandi vechidiki, vane simba, uye vakadzidziswa zvakanaka pamwe chete nemafungiro ehunyanzvi pabasa. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa nemari yemaSMEs, kune zvimwe zvinopihwa, zvinosanganisira kusabhadhariswa mitero yemitero yemutero, kusabhadhariswa VAT yemichina nemidziyo inotengwa kunze kwenyika neinotengwa munyika, kugoverwa kwechikwereti kubva mubhajeti, uye rutsigiro rwevimbiso yechikwereti. Saizvozvowo, Sangano reKuvandudza Indasitiri Diki neRipakati (KOSGEB) rinopa mipiro mikuru mukusimbisa maSME nemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yekutsigira mumari, R&D, nzvimbo dzakajairika, tsvakiridzo yemusika, nzvimbo dzekudyara, kushambadzira, kutumira kunze kwenyika, nekudzidziswa. Muna 2011, KOSGEB yakashandisa $208.3 miriyoni parutsigiro urwu.
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwechikamu chemichina muzvinhu zvese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvine tekinoroji yepamusoro, mari inoshandiswa muR&D yatanga kukwira munguva pfupi yapfuura. Muna 2010, mari inoshandiswa muR&D yakasvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu nehafu emadhora ($6.5 bhiriyoni), iyo yakaita 0.84% yeGDP. Kuti zviwedzere uye zvikurudzire mabasa eR&D, masangano ehurumende anopa zvinokurudzira zvakawanda zveR&D.
Industrial Laser Solutions yave ichitevera kukosha kwedunhu reWestern Asia, uye kunyanya Turkey, semusika welaser unowedzera kukosha. Semuenzaniso, IPG Photonics yakavhura hofisi itsva muIstanbul, Turkey, kuti ipe rutsigiro rwemunharaunda uye sevhisi yefiber lasers yekambani muTurkey nenyika dziri pedyo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuzvipira kweIPG kudunhu iri, izvo zvichaita kuti kambani ikwanise kupa rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi nekukurumidza uye zvakananga kune akawanda maOEM ekucheka laser muTurkey anoshandisa fiber lasers dzavo dzinoshanda zvakanaka.
Nhoroondo yekugadzirisa laser muTurkey
Nhoroondo yekugadzirisa laser muTurkey yakatanga nekushandiswa kwekucheka muma1990, apo michina yekucheka yakatorwa kunze kwenyika, kunyanya zvigadzirwa kubva kuvagadziri vemichina vekuEurope, yakaiswa mumakambani emotokari neindasitiri yekudzivirira. Nhasi, laser yekucheka ichiri kushandiswa. Kusvika muna 2010, laser dzeCO2 dzakatanga kushandiswa sezvishandiso zve kilowatt-level zvekucheka simbi dzakatetepa nedzakakora mu2D. Zvadaro, fiber lasers dzakatanga kushanda nesimba.
Trumpf naRofin-Sinar ndivo vanotungamira mukupa malaser eCO2, nepo IPG ichinyanya kukosha mukupa malaser efiber, kunyanya pakuisa chiratidzo uye malaser e kilowatt. Vamwe vatengesi vakuru vakaita seSPI Lasers naRofin-Sinar vanopawo zvigadzirwa zve fiber laser.
Kune makambani akawanda anobatanidza masisitimu elaser achishandisa subsystems dziri pamusoro apa. Mamwe acho anotumirawo zvigadzirwa zvavanobatanidza kuUS, India, Germany, Russia, neBrazil. Durmazlar (Bursa, Turkey – http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), Ermaksan (Bursa – www.ermaksan.com.tr), Nukon (Bursa – www.nukon.com.tr), Servenom (Kayseri – www.servonom.com.tr), Coskunöz (Bursa – www.coskunoz.com.tr), naAjan (Izmir – www.ajamcnc.com) vane chikamu chikuru chemari inowanikwa nelaser muTurkey, Durmazlar iriyo inobatanidza michina yekucheka laser yakakura muTurkey. Durmazlar, kutanga nemichina yekucheka laser yeCO2, yakagadzira michina yekucheka fiber laser ye kilowatt kwemakore akati wandei apfuura. Kambani iyi ikozvino inogadzira michina yekucheka inopfuura makumi mana pamwedzi, gumi yacho ikozvino iri kilowatt fiber laser units. Nhasi michina yeDurma inosvika zviuru makumi mashanu inobatsira kushanda zvakanaka mumaindasitiri akasiyana pasi rose.
Ermaksan imwe kambani inotungamira mukugadzira michina, inogadzira michina inodarika 3000 pagore, yakawanda yacho ichibatanidzwa nemalaser eCO2. Iye zvino vanopawo michina yelaser yekilowatt fiber.
Nukon yakashandisa fiber lasers uye yakatumira kunze muchina wekutanga pamichina mina yakagadzirwa. Kambani iyi ichaisa mari inosvika €3 miriyoni kuderedza maitiro ekugadzira aripo iye zvino kubva pamazuva makumi matanhatu kusvika pamazuva gumi nemashanu.
Servenom yakavambwa muna 2007 uye yakatanga hupenyu hwayo hwekugadzira neCNC laser cutting and marking pamwe neCNC plasma metal processing machines. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuva chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvinofarirwa pasi rose muchikamu chayo. Nekuchinja kwayo kwe €200 miriyoni, Coskunöz yakatanga mabasa akafanana neindasitiri yekugadzira yeTurkey muna 1950 uye ikozvino ndeimwe yemakambani makuru emaindasitiri. Ajan yakavambwa muna 1973, uye mumakore mashoma apfuura yanga ichinyanya kutarisa pakucheka nekugadzira sheet metal.
Muna 2005, kutengesa kweLaser muTurkey kwakasvika $480,000 (23 lasers), ukuwo kutenga kweLaser kwaisvika $45.2 miriyoni (740 lasers). Mitengo iyi yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma gore rega rega kunze kwegore ra2009, apo mhedzisiro yekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika yakasvika, uye mitengo yekupinza yakadzikira kusvika ku $46.9 miriyoni kubva pa $81.6 miriyoni muna 2008. Mitengo iyi yakadzosa kurasikirwa kwayo kwese pakupera kwa2010.
Kunyange zvakadaro, mwero wekutengeswa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika hauna kukanganiswa nekuderera kwehupfumi, zvichikwira kubva pamadhora mamiriyoni 7.6 kusvika pamadhora mamiriyoni 17.7 gore iroro. Muna 2011, huwandu hwese hwezvinhu zvakatengeswa nelaser kuTurkey hwaive mamiriyoni 27.8 (malaser zana nemakumi maviri nematanhatu). Kana tichienzanisa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika, zvinhu zvakatengeswa nelaser zvaive zvakakwirira nemamiriyoni zana nemakumi mana nemana nemazana matatu emamiriyoni (malaser zana nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu). Zvisinei, zvinotendwa kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika nelaser hwakakwira nezvikamu zvemasisitimu ane maHS Code akasiyana, kunyange dzimwe nguva asina kururama (an international standard coding of trade products).
Maindasitiri akakosha
Turkey yakatora matanho akakosha muindasitiri yekudzivirira mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Sezvo iri nyika inotsigirwa nedzimwe nyika kare, nhasi uno Turkey iri kugadzira nekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvayo zvemuno kuburikidza nemikana yenyika. Muchirongwa chehurongwa hwe2012-2016, chakaunzwa neUnder-secretariat yeDefense Industries, chinangwa ndechekusvika mabhiriyoni maviri emadhora ekuAmerica (US$2 bhiriyoni) ekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvekudzivirira. Saka, pane kudiwa kukuru kwemakambani ekudzivirira kuti aise tekinoroji yelaser mukusimudzira nekugadzira.
Sekureva kweTurkey Industrial Strategy Report inofukidza nguva iri pakati pa2011 na2014, chinangwa chikuru chenyika chakatsanangurwa se "kuwedzera kukwikwidzana uye kushanda zvakanaka kweindasitiri yeTurkey uye kukurumidzisa shanduko kuenda kuchimiro cheindasitiri chine mugove wakawanda mukutumira kunze kwenyika, uko zvigadzirwa zvetekinoroji yepamusoro, zvine kukosha kwakawedzerwa, zvinogadzirwa, zvine vashandi vakakodzera uye panguva imwe chete zvinotarisa nharaunda nenharaunda." Kuti chinangwa ichi chizadziswe, "kuwedzera huremu hwezvikamu zvepakati nepamusoro zvetekinoroji mukugadzira nekutumira kunze kwenyika" chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvehurongwa zvakatsanangurwa. Simba, chikafu, mota, tekinoroji yeruzivo, nekutaurirana, "laser uye optical systems," uye matekinoroji ekugadzira michina anotsanangurwa senzvimbo huru dzichatariswa pachinangwa ichi.
Dare Repamusorosoro reSainzi neTekinoroji (SCST) ndiro boka repamusoro-soro rinoita mitemo yeSainzi-Tekinoroji-Itsva (STI) rinotungamirwa naMutungamiriri weNyika, ane simba rekuita sarudzo dzemutemo wenyika weSTI. PaMusangano wechi23 weSCST muna 2011, zvakasimbiswa kuti zvikamu zvakakosha zvikuru zvinovandudza hutano hwehupfumi, zvinovandudza tekinoroji uye zvinowedzera kukwikwidzana, neR&D inoramba ichienderera mberi, zvinofanirwa kutariswa sezvikamu zvakakosha zvinowedzera kukwikwidzana uye zvinopa budiriro inoenderera mberi yeTurkey. Chikamu chemaziso chinoonekwa sechimwe chezvikamu izvi zvine simba.
Kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu muindasitiri yelaser akavandudzika nekukurumidza nekuda kwekufarira fiber lasers yebazi rekucheka neindasitiri yekudzivirira, Turkey yakanga isina kugadzirwa kwelaser, ichitora mamodule ese elaser kubva kunze kwenyika. Kunyangwe pasina data reindasitiri yekudzivirira, kuunzwa kwelaser kwaisvika mamiriyoni zana emadhora. Saka, tekinoroji ye optic nelaser yakaziviswa senzvimbo yehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi ichatsigirwa nehurumende. Semuenzaniso, nerutsigiro rwehurumende, FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yakavambwa muna 2007 sekambani yekutanga yeindasitiri inobatanidzwa mukuita kweR&D munharaunda yefiber laser. Kambani iyi inogadzira, inovandudza, uye inogadzira fiber lasers muTurkey (ona parutivi "Turkey fiber laser pioneer").
Sezvinoratidzwa nemushumo uyu, Turkey yave musika une simba wemasisitimu elaser emaindasitiri, uye nyika yakagadzirawo huwandu hwevatengesi vemasisitimu huri kuwedzera huri kufambira mberi mumisika yakawanda yepasi rose. Basa rekutanga relaser remuno ratanga, iro richatanga kupa zvinodiwa nevanobatanidza masisitimu. ✺
Turkey piyona we fiber laser
FiberLAST (Ankara), ndiyo kambani yekutanga yeindasitiri yakabatanidzwa mukuita tsvakurudzo nekuvandudza fiber laser muTurkey. Yakavambwa muna 2007 kugadzira, kugadzira, uye kugadzira fiber lasers muTurkey. Ichitsigirwa neboka revashandi vanoshanda payunivhesiti, timu yeR&D yeFiberLAST yakagadzira fiber lasers yayo. Kambani iyi inogadzira uye inogadzira fiber lasers nekubatsirana kweBilkent University neMiddle East Technical University (METU). Kunyange hazvo chinangwa chikuru chiri pamasisitimu emaindasitiri, kambani iyi inogonawo kugadzira fiber laser systems yezvinodiwa nevatengi uye mashandisirwo edzidzo nesainzi. FiberLAST yakakwezva mari yakawanda yehurumende yeR&D kusvika pari zvino, mushure mekusaina zvibvumirano zvekutsvagisa neKOSGEB (sangano rehurumende rekutsigira mabhizinesi madiki nepakati) neTUBITAK (Sainzi neTekinoroji Yekutsvagisa yeTurkey). FiberLAST ine kugona kutevera kuvandudzwa kwedzidzo nekushandisa muzvigadzirwa zvayo uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi pasi rese. Nenzira idzi, tekinoroji yayo yefiber laser yakagadzirwa yatove mumusika wekushandisa mashandisirwo ekumaka.
