Kubva: www.industrial-lasers.com
Laser kunze kwenyika uye rutsigiro rwehurumende runoramba ruchikura
Koray Eken
Hupfumi hwakasiyana, kuswedera pedyo neEurope, Middle East, uye Central Asia, kubatanidzwa nemisika yekunze, anchor yekunze yekupinda EU, manejimendi akasimba ehupfumi, uye shanduko yezvimiro ndizvo zvinofambisa tarisiro yeTurkey kwenguva refu. Kubva pakaitika dambudziko muna 2001, nyika yakave neimwe yebudiriro huru pasi rose nekuwedzera kwehupfumi kwezvikamu makumi maviri nenomwe zvakatevedzana pakati pa2002 na2008 nekuda kwekuwedzera mukubudirira, ikava yechigumi nenomwe hupfumi hwenyika.
Indasitiri yemichina, yakakosha mukusimudzira maindasitiri enyika dzese, yanga iri simba rekusimudzira maindasitiri eTurkey, nekukura nekukurumidza kunoenderana nemhando yepamusoro-yakawedzerwa zvigadzirwa uye mipiro kune mamwe masekete. Nekuda kweizvi, indasitiri yemuchina yakabudirira kupfuura mamwe matavi eindasitiri yekugadzira, uye huwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwagara huri pamusoro peavhareji yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kumaindasitiri eTurkey zvakazara. Nekukosha kwemichina inogadzirwa, Turkey iri pachinhanho chechitanhatu muEurope.
Indasitiri yemichina muTurkey yave kukura pamwero ungangoita 20% pagore kubvira 1990. Kugadzirwa kwemichina kwakatanga kutora chikamu chinowedzera chekutengesa kunze kwenyika uye, muna 2011, kwakapfuura madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nerimwe nemazana mashanu emadhora (8.57%) yezvose zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika ($134.9) bhiriyoni), uko kwaive kuwedzera kwe22.8% pamusoro pegore rapfuura.
Pakusvitsa makore zana muna 2023, indasitiri yemichina yakapihwa tarisiro yekuburitsa kunze kwenyika kusvika US$100 bhiriyoni yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika nechikamu che2.3% chemusika wepasi rose. Indasitiri yemichina yeTurkey yaifungidzirwa kuve neyakaomeswa gore rega rega yekukura (CAGR) ye17.8% panosvika 2023, apo chikamu chechikamu chekutengesa kunze kwenyika kweTurkey chaitarisirwa kunge chiri pasi pe18%.
SMEs
Kukura kwechikamu chemuchina weTurkey chinotsigirwa neanokwikwidza uye anochinjika mabhizinesi madiki uye epakati nepakati (SMEs), ayo anoumba kuwanda kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. MaSME eTurkey anopa vadiki, vane simba, uye vakanyatsodzidziswa basa rakasanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwenzvimbo yebasa. Kuti zvizadzise zvidikanwi zvemari zvemaSME, kune zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvinopihwa, zvinosanganisira kusabhadharirwa mutero, kusabhadharirwa VAT pamichina nemidziyo inotengwa kunze kwenyika uye inotengwa mudzimba, kugoverwa kwechikwereti kubva mubhajeti, uye rutsigiro rwevimbiso yechikwereti. Saizvozvo, Iyo Diki uye Yepakati Sized Indasitiri Yekusimudzira Sangano (KOSGEB) inopa zvakakosha mukusimbisa maSME neakasiyana ekutsigira zviridzwa mumari, R.&D, zvivakwa zvakajairika, kutsvaga kwemusika, nzvimbo dzekudyara, kushambadzira, kutengesa kunze kwenyika, uye kudzidziswa. Muna 2011, KOSGEB yakashandisa $208.3 miriyoni parutsigiro urwu.
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwechikamu chezvikamu zvemakina mune yakazara maindasitiri kunze kwenyika ane yakakwira matekinoroji, R.&D mari dzekushandisa dzakatanga kukwira munguva pfupi yapfuura. Muna 2010, R&D kushandiswa kwakasvika $6.5 bhiriyoni, iyo yakaita 0.84% yeGDP. Kuti uwedzere uye kukurudzira R&D zviitiko, masangano ehurumende anopa zvakawanda zvinokurudzira R&D.
Industrial Laser Solutions yanga ichiteedzera kukosha kwedunhu reWestern Asia, uye kunyanya Turkey, semusika unowedzera kukosha laser. Semuenzaniso, IPG Photonics yakavhura hofisi nyowani muIstanbul, Turkey, kuti ipe rutsigiro rwemunharaunda uye sevhisi yekambani fiber lasers muTurkey nenyika dziri pedyo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuzvipira kweIPG mudunhu, izvo zvinozogonesa kambani kupa nekukurumidza uye yakananga tsigiro yehunyanzvi kune akawanda laser ekucheka maOEM muTurkey anoshandisa yavo yakanyanya kuita fiber lasers.
Nhoroondo ye laser processing muTurkey
Nhoroondo yekugadziriswa kwelaser muTurkey yakatanga nekucheka zvikumbiro muma1990, apo michina yekucheka yakatengwa kunze kwenyika, kunyanya zvigadzirwa kubva kuEurope vanogadzira muchina, yakaiswa mumakambani emotokari neindasitiri yekudzivirira. Nhasi, lasers yekucheka ichiri kupararira. Kusvika 2010, CO2 lasers yaitonga sekilowatt-level maturusi e2D kucheka ese ari maviri matete uye gobvu simbi. Zvadaro, fiber lasers yakauya zvakasimba.
Trumpf naRofin-Sinar vari kutungamira vatengesi veCO2 lasers, nepo IPG inotonga fiber lasers, kunyanya yekumaka uye kilowatt lasers. Vamwe vatengesi vakuru vakaita seSPI Lasers uye Rofin-Sinar vanopawo fiber laser zvigadzirwa.
Kune akawanda makambani anobatanidza laser masisitimu nekushandisa ari pamusoro apa subsystems. Vamwe vacho vanotumirawo kunze zvigadzirwa zvavanobatanidza kuUS, India, Germany, Russia, neBrazil. Durmazlar (Bursa, Turkey– http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), Ermaksan (Bursa– www.ermaksan.com.tr), Nukon (Bursa– www.nukon.com.tr), Servenom (Kayseri– www.servonom.com.tr), Coskunöz (Bursa– www.coskunoz.com.tr), uye Ajan (Izmir– www.ajamcnc.com) vane chikamu chikuru chemari yeLaser yeTurkey, Durmazlar iriyo yakakura laser yekucheka muchina yekubatanidza muTurkey. Durmazlar, kutanga ne CO2 laser yekucheka michina, yakagadzira kilowatt fiber laser yekucheka michina kwemakore akati wandei apfuura. Iyi kambani ikozvino inogadzira anopfuura makumi mana ekucheka michina pamwedzi, gumi ayo ikozvino kilowatt fiber laser units. Nhasi 50,000 Durma michina inopa kushanda zvakanaka kune akasiyana maindasitiri pasi rese.
Ermaksan imwe kambani inotungamira yemakina, inogadzira anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemichina pagore, zvakanyanya kusanganiswa neCO2 lasers. Ivo zvino vanopa kilowatt fiber laser michina zvakare.
Nukon yakashandisa fiber lasers uye yakatumira kunze kwekutanga kwemichina mina yakagadzirwa. Iyo kambani ichaita a€3 miriyoni yekudyara kuderedza ikozvino kugadzirwa kwemaitiro kubva pamazuva makumi matanhatu kusvika kumazuva gumi nemashanu.
Servenom yakavambwa muna 2007 uye yakatanga hupenyu hwayo hwekugadzira neCNC laser yekucheka nekumaka uye CNC plasma metal processing machine kugadzira. Iri kuvavarira kuve imwe yeanofarira mabhureki epasi rose muchikamu chayo. Nayo€Mamirioni mazana maviri ekudzoka, Coskunöz yakatanga zviitiko zvinoenderana neindasitiri yekugadzira yeTurkey muna 1950 uye yave imwe yemapoka anotungamira maindasitiri. Ajan yakavambwa muna 1973, uye mumakore mashoma apfuura yanga ichitarisa pakucheka simbi nekugadzira.
Muna 2005, Laser yeTurkey yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika yakasvika madhora mazana mana nemakumi masere ezviuru (23 lasers), ukuwo laser kunze kwenyika yaive madhora 45.2 miriyoni (740 lasers). Mitengo iyi yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma gore rega rega kunze kwemuna 2009, apo zvakakonzera kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika, uye mitengo yekunze yakaderera kusvika pamadhora 46.9 miriyoni kubva pamadhora 81.6 miriyoni muna 2008. Mari iyi yakadzosa kunenge kurasikirwa kwavo kwese pakupera kwa2010.
Zvakadaro, mitengo yekunze haina kukanganiswa nekuderera kwehupfumi, kubva pamadhora 7.6 miriyoni kusvika pamadhora 17.7 miriyoni gore iroro. Muna 2011, nhamba yese yeTurkey yaitengeswa kunze kwenyika laser yaive madhora 27.8 miriyoni (126 lasers). Kana tichienzaniswa nenhamba dzekunze kwenyika, kutengwa kwelaser kunze kwenyika kwaive kwakakwira nemari inosvika 104.3 miriyoni (1,630 lasers). Zvakadaro, zvinotendwa kuti nhamba dzekupinza nekutengesa kunze dzakakwirira nemalaser anopinza kana kutumira kunze sechikamu chemasisitimu ane akasiyana, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva asina kururama, HS Codes (an international standard coding of trade products).
Maindasitiri akakosha
Turkey yakatora matanho akakosha muindasitiri yekudzivirira mukati memakore makumi maviri apfuura. Kuve nyika inotsamira kune dzimwe nyika munguva yakapfuura, nhasi Turkey inovandudza uye inogadzira zvigadzirwa zvayo zvechivanhu kuburikidza nemikana yenyika. Mune Strategic plan ye2012–2016, yakaunzwa ne Under-secretariat yeDefence Industries, chinangwa ndechekusvika madhora US2 bhiriyoni yekudzivirira kunze kwenyika. Nekudaro, pane kudiwa kwakasimba kwemakambani ekudzivirira kuti abatanidze laser tekinoroji mukusimudzira nekugadzira.
Sekureva kweTurkey Industrial Strategy Report inobata nguva iri pakati pa2011 na2014, chinangwa chenyika chese chakatemwa se "kuwedzera kukwikwidza uye kushanda zvakanaka kweindasitiri yeTurkey nekumhanyisa shanduko kune chimiro cheindasitiri chine chikamu chakawanda mukutengesa kunze kwenyika, uko zvinogadzirwa zvinogadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro-soro, zvine kukosha kwakawedzerwa, izvo zvine vashandi vanokwanisa uye panguva imwe chete iyoyo inonzwisisa zvakatipoteredza uye nzanga." Kuti zvizadzise chinangwa ichi, "kuwedzera huremu hwepakati nepamusoro-tekinoroji zvikamu mukugadzira uye kutumira kunze kwenyika" ndechimwe chezvakakosha zvinangwa zvakatsanangurwa. Simba, chikafu, mota, ruzivo, uye matekinoroji ekutaurirana, "laser uye optical masisitimu," uye matekinoroji ekugadzira michina anotsanangurwa senzvimbo dzekutanga dzichatariswa pachinangwa ichi.
Supreme Council yeSainzi neTekinoroji (SCST) ndiro dare repamusoro-soro reSainzi-Tekinoroji-Innovation (STI) rinoita mutemo rinotungamirwa neMutungamiriri weNyika, ane simba rekuita sarudzo yemitemo yenyika yeSTI. PaMusangano wechimakumi maviri nenhatu weSCST muna 2011, zvakasimbiswa kuti matunhu akawedzera kukosha anovandudza hupfumi, anopa kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji uye kuwedzera kukwikwidza, nekuenderera mberi R.&D, inofanirwa kutariswa sezvikamu zvakakosha zvinowedzera kukwikwidza uye zvinopa kusimudzira kwakasimba kweTurkey. The optical sector inoonekwa seimwe yeaya masimba ane simba.
Kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu muindasitiri yelaser akachinja nekukurumidza kuburikidza nekufarira fiber lasers yekucheka chikamu uye indasitiri yekudzivirira, Turkey yakanga isina kugadzirwa kwelaser, kuunza ese laser modules kubva kunze kwenyika. Kunyangwe pasina dhata reindasitiri yekudzivirira, kupinza kwema lasers kwaive kunosvika zana remamiriyoni emadhora. Nekudaro, optic uye laser tekinoroji yakaziviswa senzvimbo yehunyanzvi tekinoroji inozotsigirwa nehurumende. Semuenzaniso, nerutsigiro rwehurumende, FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yakavambwa muna 2007 sekambani yekutanga maindasitiri inobatanidzwa muR.&D chiitiko munzvimbo yefiber laser. Iyo kambani inogadzira, inovandudza, uye inogadzira fiber lasers muTurkey (ona sidebar "Turkey fiber laser piyona").
Sezvinoonekwa nemushumo uyu, Turkey yave musika une simba wemaindasitiri laser masisitimu, uye nyika yakagadzirawo hwaro huri kuwedzera hwevatengesi vehurongwa huri kupinda mumisika mizhinji yepasirese. Iyo incipient yepamba laser chiitiko chatanga, icho chinozotanga kupa zvinodiwa zve system integrators.✺
Turkey fiber laser piyona
FiberLAST (Ankara), yaive yekutanga maindasitiri kambani yakabatanidzwa mufiber laser R&D chiitiko muTurkey. Yakavambwa muna 2007 kugadzira, kusimudzira, uye kugadzira fiber lasers muTurkey. Inotsigirwa neboka revashandi vepayunivhesiti, FiberLAST's R&D timu yakagadzira yayo yega fiber lasers. Iyo kambani inovandudza uye inogadzira fiber lasers nekubatana kweBilkent University uye Middle East Technical University (METU). Kunyange iyo yakanyanya kutariswa iri pamaindasitiri masisitimu, kambani inogona zvakare kugadzira fiber laser masisitimu ezvakakosha zvinodiwa nevatengi uye zvedzidzo uye zvesainzi. FiberLAST yakakwezva hurumende yakakura R&D mari kusvika parizvino, yasaina zvibvumirano zvekutsvagisa neKOSGEB (sangano rehurumende rekutsigira mabhizinesi madiki nepakati) uye TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council yeTurkey). FiberLAST inokwanisa kutevedzera kuvandudzwa kwedzidzo uye kuishandisa kune zvigadzirwa zvayo uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvevaridzi uye zvine hutsva pasi rese. Nemaitiro aya. yavo yakagadzirwa fiber laser tekinoroji yatove mumusika wekumaka maapplication.
