Ukusuka ku: www.industrial-lasers.com
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser kunye nenkxaso karhulumente kuyaqhubeka nokukhula
UKoray Eken
Uqoqosho oluhlukeneyo, ukusondela eYurophu, eMbindi Mpuma, kunye neAsia Ephakathi, ukudibana neemarike zangaphandle, isiseko sangaphandle sokungena kwe-EU, ulawulo oluqinileyo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo zezona zinto ziqhuba amathuba eTurkey kwixesha elide. Ukusukela kwingxaki ka-2001, eli lizwe libe nelinye lawona manqanaba okukhula aphumeleleyo kwihlabathi liphela ngokwandiswa koqoqosho kangangeekota ezingama-27 ezilandelelanayo phakathi kowama-2002 nowama-2008 ngenxa yokwanda kwemveliso, libe lelona lizwe le-17 ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Ishishini leematshini, elibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwemizi-mveliso kuwo onke amazwe, libe lilo eliqhubela phambili inkqubo yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yaseTurkey, ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza okusekelwe kwiimveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu kunye negalelo kwamanye amacandelo. Ngenxa yoku, ishishini leematshini liye laphumelela ngakumbi kunamanye amasebe eshishini lokuvelisa, kwaye inani leemveliso ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lihlala lingaphezulu komndilili wezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwimizi-mveliso yaseTurkey iyonke. Ngokuphathelele ixabiso leematshini eziveliswayo, iTurkey ikwindawo yesithandathu eYurophu.
Ishishini leematshini eTurkey belikhula ngesantya esiphantse sibe ngama-20% ngonyaka ukusukela ngo-1990. Imveliso yezixhobo zoomatshini yaqala ukuthatha inxalenye ekhulayo yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe, kwaye ngo-2011, yadlula i-$11.5 yeebhiliyoni (8.57%) yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke ($134.9 yeebhiliyoni), nto leyo yanda nge-22.8% kunyaka ophelileyo.
Kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-100 selizwe ngo-2023, ishishini loomatshini linikwe usukelo olukhulu lokuthumela ngaphandle ukufikelela kwi-US$100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngesabelo se-2.3% semarike yehlabathi. Ishishini loomatshini baseTurkey laliqikelelwa ukuba liza kuba nesantya sokukhula sonyaka esidibeneyo (CAGR) se-17.8% ngo-2023, xa isabelo secandelo sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle yaseTurkey sasilindeleke ukuba singaphantsi kwe-18%.
Ii-SMEs
Ukukhula kwecandelo loomatshini baseTurkey kuxhaswa ngamashishini amancinci naphakathi akhuphisanayo kwaye aguquguqukayo (ii-SME), ezenza uninzi lwemveliso yemizi-mveliso. Ii-SME zaseTurkey zibonelela ngabasebenzi abancinci, abanamandla, nabaqeqeshwe kakuhle kunye nesimo sengqondo somsebenzi sobungcali. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemali zee-SME, kukho izibonelelo ezithile ezinikiweyo, kubandakanya ukukhululwa kwirhafu yerhafu, ukukhululwa kwi-VAT koomatshini nezixhobo ezithengwayo nabangeniswayo nabasekhaya, ukwabiwa kwetyala kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, kunye nenkxaso yesiqinisekiso setyala. Ngokufanayo, i-Small and Medium Sized Industry Development Organisation (KOSGEB) yenza igalelo elikhulu ekuqiniseni ii-SME ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso-mali, uphando nophuhliso, izibonelelo eziqhelekileyo, uphando lwemarike, iindawo zotyalo-mali, ukuthengisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, kunye noqeqesho. Ngo-2011, i-KOSGEB ichithe i-$208.3 yezigidi kule nkxaso.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwesabelo samacandelo oomatshini kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eziquka ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, iindleko ze-R&D ziqale ukunyuka kutshanje. Ngo-2010, iindleko ze-R&D zifikelele kwi-$6.5 yeebhiliyoni, nto leyo eyenza i-0.84% ye-GDP. Ukuze kwandiswe kwaye kukhuthazwe imisebenzi ye-R&D, amaziko karhulumente abonelela ngezibonelelo ezininzi ze-R&D.
I-Industrial Laser Solutions ibilandela ukubaluleka kommandla waseNtshona Asia, ngakumbi iTurkey, njengemarike yelaser ebaluleke ngakumbi. Umzekelo, i-IPG Photonics ivule iofisi entsha e-Istanbul, eTurkey, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yasekuhlaleni kunye nenkonzo kwiilaser zefayibha zenkampani eTurkey nakwamanye amazwe akufutshane. Oku kubonisa ukuzibophelela kwe-IPG kulo mmandla, okuya kwenza inkampani ikwazi ukubonelela ngenkxaso yobugcisa ekhawulezileyo nethe ngqo kwii-OEM ezininzi zokusika ilaser eTurkey ezisebenzisa iilaser zazo zefayibha ezisebenza kakuhle.
Imbali yokucubungula i-laser eTurkey
Imbali yokucubungula i-laser eTurkey yaqala ngokusetyenziswa kokusika ngeminyaka yoo-1990, xa oomatshini bokusika abangeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi iimveliso ezivela kubavelisi boomatshini baseYurophu, babefakelwa kwiinkampani zoshishino lweemoto nezokhuselo. Namhlanje, ii-laser zokusika zisaxhaphakile. Kude kube ngu-2010, ii-laser ze-CO2 zazilawula njengezixhobo ze-kilowatt-level zokusika i-2D yesinyithi esincinci nesityebileyo. Emva koko, ii-laser zefayibha zasebenza ngamandla.
UTrumpf kunye noRofin-Sinar ngabathengisi abaphambili beelaser zeCO2, ngelixa i-IPG iphambili kwiilaser zefayibha, ngakumbi kwiilaser zokumakisha kunye neelaser zekilowatt. Abanye abathengisi abakhulu abafana neSPI Lasers kunye neRofin-Sinar nabo banikezela ngeemveliso zelaser yefayibha.
Kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezidibanisa iinkqubo zelaser ngokusebenzisa ezi nkqubo zingasentla. Ezinye zazo zithumela iimveliso ezizidibanisayo eMelika, eIndiya, eJamani, eRashiya, naseBrazil. I-Durmazlar (eBursa, eTurkey – http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), i-Ermaksan (eBursa – www.ermaksan.com.tr), i-Nukon (eBursa – www.nukon.com.tr), i-Servenom (eKayseri – www.servonom.com.tr), i-Coskunöz (eBursa – www.coskunoz.com.tr), kunye ne-Ajan (eIzmir – www.ajamcnc.com) zinesabelo esikhulu sengeniso yelaser yaseTurkey, i-Durmazlar yeyona idibanisa oomatshini abakhulu bokusika ilaser eTurkey. I-Durmazlar, eqala ngoomatshini bokusika ilaser be-CO2, ivelise oomatshini bokusika ilaser be-kilowatt kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Le nkampani ngoku ivelisa oomatshini bokusika abangaphezu kwama-40 ngenyanga, abali-10 kubo ngoku ziiyunithi zelaser ze-kilowatt. Namhlanje oomatshini beDurma abangama-50,000 banegalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kumashishini ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela.
I-Ermaksan yenye inkampani ehamba phambili yoomatshini, evelisa oomatshini abangaphezu kwama-3000 ngonyaka, uninzi lwabo ludityaniswe nee-laser ze-CO2. Ngoku banikezela nangoomatshini be-kilowatt fiber laser.
INukon iqalise ukusebenzisa i-fiber lasers kwaye yathumela ngaphandle oomatshini bokuqala kwabane abavelisweyo. Le nkampani iza kwenza utyalo-mali lwe-€3 yezigidi ukunciphisa inkqubo yemveliso yangoku ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ukuya kwiintsuku ezili-15.
I-Servenom yasekwa ngo-2007 kwaye yaqala ubomi bayo bokuvelisa ngokusika nokumakisha nge-laser ye-CNC kunye nokuveliswa koomatshini bokucubungula isinyithi se-CNC. Ijonge ukuba yenye yezona mpawu zikhethwayo kwihlabathi liphela kwicandelo layo. Ngengeniso yayo yezigidi ezingama-€200, iCoskunöz yaqala imisebenzi efanayo nomzi-mveliso waseTurkey ngo-1950 kwaye ngoku yenye yamaqela aphambili kwezoshishino. I-Ajan yasekwa ngo-1973, kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ibigxile ekusikeni nasekubunjweni kwesinyithi.
Ngowama-2005, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser eTurkey kufikelele kwi-$480,000 (ii-laser ezingama-23), ngelixa ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser bekuyi-$45.2 yezigidi (ii-laser ezingama-740). La maxabiso anyuka kancinci kancinci minyaka le ngaphandle kowama-2009, xa iziphumo zokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi zafika, kwaye amazinga okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ehla aya kwi-$46.9 yezigidi ukusuka kwi-$81.6 yezigidi ngo-2008. Amaxabiso abuyisele phantse yonke ilahleko yawo ekupheleni kuka-2010.
Nangona kunjalo, amazinga okuthumela ngaphandle awazange achatshazelwe kukudodobala koqoqosho, anyuke ukusuka kwi-$7.6 yezigidi ukuya kwi-$17.7 yezigidi ngaloo nyaka. Ngo-2011, inani lilonke leempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle nge-laser eTurkey lalimalunga ne-$27.8 yezigidi (ii-laser ezili-126). Xa kuthelekiswa namanani okuthumela ngaphandle, ukungeniswa kwe-laser kwakuphezulu nge-$104.3 yezigidi (ii-laser ezili-1,630). Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba amanani okungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle aphezulu ngee-laser ezithumela okanye ezithumela ngaphandle njengenxalenye yeenkqubo ezineekhowudi ze-HS ezahlukeneyo, nokuba ngamanye amaxesha ezingalunganga, (ikhowudi esemgangathweni yamazwe ngamazwe yeemveliso zorhwebo).
Amashishini abalulekileyo
ITurkey ithathe amanyathelo abalulekileyo kushishino lokhuselo kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo. Njengoko ililizwe elixhomekeke kwamanye amazwe kwixesha elidlulileyo, namhlanje iTurkey iphuhlisa kwaye ivelisa iimveliso zayo zemveli ngamathuba esizwe. Kwisicwangciso-qhinga sowama-2012–2016, esinikezwe yi-Under-secretariat for Defense Industries, injongo kukufikelela kwi-$2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezokhuselo. Ke ngoko, kukho imfuno enamandla yokuba iinkampani zokhuselo zibandakanye itekhnoloji yelaser kuphuhliso nakwimveliso.
NgokweNgxelo yeSicwangciso soShishino saseTurkey egubungela ixesha eliphakathi kowama-2011 nowama-2014, injongo yesicwangciso iyonke yelizwe yamiselwa "njengokunyusa ukhuphiswano kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweshishini laseTurkey kunye nokukhawulezisa utshintsho kwisakhiwo seshishini esinesabelo esingakumbi kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zehlabathi, apho kuveliswa khona iimveliso zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ezinexabiso elongezelelekileyo, ezinabasebenzi abafanelekileyo kwaye ngaxeshanye zinovelwano kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye noluntu." Ukuze kufezekiswe le njongo, "ukunyusa ubunzima bamacandelo aphakathi naphezulu kwimveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe" yenye yeenjongo zesicwangciso ezisisiseko ezichazwe. Amandla, ukutya, iimoto, ulwazi, kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano, "iinkqubo ze-laser kunye ne-optical," kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa oomatshini zichazwa njengeendawo eziphambili eziza kujoliswa kule njongo.
IBhunga eliPhakamileyo leSayensi neTekhnoloji (i-SCST) lelona candelo liphezulu lokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yeSayensi-iTekhnoloji-iNtsha (i-STI) elikhokelwa yiNkulumbuso, enegunya lokwenza izigqibo kumgaqo-nkqubo we-STI wesizwe. KwiNtlanganiso yama-23 ye-SCST ngo-2011, kwagxininiswa ukuba amacandelo anexabiso eliphezulu aphucula impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho, abonelela ngokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji kwaye anyuse ukhuphiswano, kunye nophando nophuhliso oluqhubekayo, kufuneka athathwe njengamacandelo abalulekileyo anyusa ukhuphiswano kwaye anikeze uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweTurkey. Icandelo le-optical libonwa njengelinye lala macandelo anamandla.
Nangona imeko kwishishini le-laser iphucuke ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yomdla kwi-fiber lasers kwicandelo lokusika kunye neshishini lokhuselo, iTurkey yayingenayo imveliso ye-laser, ingenisa zonke iimodyuli ze-laser ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Nokuba yayingenalo idatha yeshishini lokhuselo, ukungeniswa kwe-laser kwakumalunga ne-100 yezigidi zeerandi. Ngoko ke, iteknoloji ye-optic kunye ne-laser yabhengezwa njengendawo yetekhnoloji yeqhinga eza kuxhaswa ngurhulumente. Umzekelo, ngenkxaso karhulumente, i-FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yasekwa ngo-2007 njengenkampani yokuqala yemizi-mveliso ebandakanyeka kumsebenzi we-R&D kwindawo ye-fiber laser. Le nkampani iyila, iphuhlisa, kwaye ivelisa i-fiber lasers eTurkey (jonga kwicala elisecaleni elithi "Turkey fiber laser pioneer").
Njengoko kunokubonwa kule ngxelo, iTurkey iye yaba yimarike ephilayo yeenkqubo zelaser zoshishino, kwaye eli lizwe likwaphuhlise isiseko esikhulayo sababoneleli beenkqubo esiqhubela phambili kwiimarike ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi welaser yasekhaya oqalayo uqalile, oza kuqala ukubonelela iimfuno zabahlanganisi beenkqubo. ✺
Uvulindlela we-laser yefayibha yaseTurkey
I-FiberLAST (Ankara), yayiyinkampani yokuqala yemizi-mveliso ebandakanyeka kumsebenzi wophando nophuhliso lwe-fiber laser eTurkey. Yasekwa ngo-2007 ukuyila, ukuphuhlisa, kunye nokwenza ii-fiber lasers eTurkey. Ixhaswa liqela labasebenzisana nabo baseyunivesithi, iqela le-R&D le-FiberLAST liphuhlise ii-fiber lasers zalo. Le nkampani iphuhlisa kwaye ivelisa ii-fiber lasers ngentsebenziswano yeYunivesithi yaseBilkent kunye neYunivesithi yoBugcisa yaseMiddle East (METU). Ngelixa ingqwalasela ephambili ikwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso, inkampani isenokuphuhlisa neenkqubo ze-fiber laser zeemfuno zabathengi ezikhethekileyo kunye nezicelo zemfundo nezenzululwazi. I-FiberLAST itsale inkxaso-mali enkulu karhulumente yophando nophuhliso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, emva kokusayina izivumelwano zophando ne-KOSGEB (umbutho karhulumente wokuxhasa oosomashishini abancinci nabaphakathi) kunye ne-TUBITAK (iBhunga loPhando lweSayensi neTekhnoloji yaseTurkey). I-FiberLAST inako ukulandela uphuculo lwezemfundo kunye nokuzisebenzisa kwiimveliso zayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iimveliso ezizimeleyo nezintsha kwihlabathi liphela. Ngale ndlela, itekhnoloji yayo yophuhliso lwe-fiber laser sele ikwimarike yezicelo zokumakisha.
