Kusuka ku: www.industrial-lasers.com
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-laser kwamanye amazwe kanye nokwesekwa kukahulumeni kuyaqhubeka nokukhula
Koray Eken
Umnotho ohlukene, ukusondela eYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nase-Asia Ephakathi, ukuhlanganiswa nezimakethe zangaphandle, ihange langaphandle lokungena kwe-EU, ukuphathwa okuqinile komnotho, kanye nezinguquko zesakhiwo yizona ezihamba phambili zethemba lesikhathi eside laseTurkey. Kusukela ngenhlekelele yango-2001, leli lizwe libe nokukhula ngempumelelo okukhulu emhlabeni ngokukhula komnotho ngamakota angama-27 elandelana phakathi kuka-2002 no-2008 ngenxa yokwenyuka komkhiqizo, libe umnotho we-17 ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Imboni yemishini, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zawo wonke amazwe, ibe yimbangela yenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni yaseTurkey, ngokukhula okusheshayo okusekelwe emikhiqizweni ephezulu ye-value-added kanye negalelo kweminye imikhakha. Ngenxa yalokhu, imboni yemishini ibe yimpumelelo kakhulu kunamanye amagatsha embonini yokukhiqiza, futhi inani lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe belilokhu lingaphezu kwesilinganiso sokuthunyelwa kwezimboni zaseTurkey sezizonke. Ngokwenani lemishini ekhiqizwayo, iTurkey ikleliswe endaweni yesithupha eYurophu.
Imboni yemishini eTurkey ibilokhu ikhula ngesilinganiso esicishe sibe ngama-20% ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1990. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kwaqala ukuthatha ingxenye ekhulayo yokuthunyelwa kwezwe kwamanye amazwe futhi, ngo-2011, kweqa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.5 (8.57%) yenani eliphelele lempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ($134.9) billion), nokunyuke ngo-22.8% ngonyaka odlule.
Emgubhweni weminyaka eyi-100 wezwe ngowezi-2023, imboni yemishini yanikezwa umgomo obabazekayo wokuthekelisa ukuze ifinyelele ku-US$100 wezigidigidi zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngesabelo esingu-2.3% semakethe yomhlaba wonke. Imboni yemishini yaseTurkey bekulindeleke ukuthi ibe nezinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-17.8% ngo-2023, lapho isabelo somkhakha wezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseTurkey bekulindeleke ukuthi sibe ngaphansi kuka-18%.
Ama-SME
Ukukhula komkhakha wemishini yaseTurkey kusekelwa amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (SMEs) ancintisana kakhulu futhi aguquguqukayo, akha ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Ama-SME aseTurkey ahlinzeka ngabasebenzi abasebasha, abaguquguqukayo, nabaqeqeshwe kahle kuhlanganiswe nesimo sengqondo somsebenzi esichwepheshile. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezezimali zama-SME, kunemihlomulo ethile enikeziwe, ehlanganisa ukukhululwa ekukhokhiseni intela, ukukhululwa ku-VAT yemishini nezinto zokusebenza ezingeniswa ngaphandle nezithengwa ekhaya, ukwabiwa kwekhredithi kusuka kubhajethi, nokusekelwa kwesiqinisekiso sesikweletu. Ngokufanayo, Inhlangano Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni Ezincane Nezimaphakathi (KOSGEB) yenza umnikelo obalulekile ekuqiniseni ama-SME ngamathuluzi ahlukene okusekela ekuxhaseni ngezimali, R.&D, izinsiza ezijwayelekile, ucwaningo lwemakethe, iziza zokutshalwa kwezimali, ukumaketha, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, nokuqeqeshwa. Ngo-2011, i-KOSGEB yasebenzisa u-$208.3 wezigidi kulokhu kusekelwa.
Njengomphumela wokwanda kwesabelo semikhakha yemishini ekuthengisweni kwezimboni eziphelele eziqukethe ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, R.&D izindleko zisanda kuqala ukukhuphuka. Ngo-2010, uR&D izindleko zifinyelela ku-$6.5 wezigidigidi, ezakha u-0.84% we-GDP. Ukuze kwandiswe futhi kukhuthaze uR&D, izikhungo zikahulumeni zinikeza izikhuthazo eziningi ku-R&D.
I-Industrial Laser Solutions ilandelela ukubaluleka kwesifunda sase-Western Asia, futhi ikakhulukazi iTurkey, njengemakethe ye-laser ebaluleke kakhulu. Njengesibonelo, i-IPG Photonics ivule ihhovisi elisha e-Istanbul, eTurkey, ukuze inikeze ukwesekwa kwasendaweni kanye nesevisi yama-fiber lasers enkampani eTurkey nasemazweni aseduze. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuzibophezela kwe-IPG esifundeni, okuzokwenza inkampani inikeze ukwesekwa okusheshayo nokuqondile kwezobuchwepheshe kuma-OEM amaningi okusika i-laser eTurkey asebenzisa ama-laser awo asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Umlando wokucutshungulwa kwe-laser eTurkey
Umlando wokucubungula i-laser eTurkey waqala ngokusika izinhlelo zokusebenza ngawo-1990, lapho imishini yokusika engenisiwe, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi bemishini yaseYurophu, ifakwe ezinkampanini zemboni yezimoto nezokuvikela. Namuhla, ama-laser okusika asadlangile. Kuze kube ngu-2010, ama-laser e-CO2 ayegcwele njengamathuluzi eleveli ye-kilowatt okusika kwe-2D kokubili okusansimbi okuncane nokuwugqinsi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-fiber lasers avela ngamandla.
U-Trumpf no-Rofin-Sinar bangabahlinzeki abahamba phambili ngamalaser e-CO2, kuyilapho i-IPG ibusa ngamalaser efiber, ikakhulukazi amalaser okumaka nama-kilowatt. Abanye abahlinzeki abakhulu abafana ne-SPI Lasers kanye ne-Rofin-Sinar nabo bahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ye-fiber laser.
Kunezinkampani eziningi ezihlanganisa amasistimu e-laser ngokusebenzisa amasistimu angaphansi angenhla. Abanye babo baphinde bathumele imikhiqizo abayihlanganisela e-US, India, Germany, Russia, naseBrazil. I-Durmazlar (eBursa, eTurkey– http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), Ermaksan (Bursa– www.ermaksan.com.tr), Nukon (Bursa– www.nukon.com.tr), Servenom (Kayseri– www.servonom.com.tr), Coskunöz (iBursa– www.coskunoz.com.tr), kanye ne-Ajan (Izmir– www.ajamcnc.com) banesabelo esikhulu semali engenayo yelaser yaseTurkey, kanti i-Durmazlar iyisididiyeli somshini wokusika i-laser esikhulu kunazo zonke eTurkey. I-Durmazlar, eqala ngemishini yokusika i-CO2 laser, ikhiqize imishini yokusika i-kilowatt fiber laser iminyaka eminingana edlule. Le nkampani manje ikhiqiza imishini yokusika engaphezu kuka-40 ngenyanga, engu-10 yayo manje osekuyi-kilowatt fiber laser unit. Namuhla imishini ye-Durma engu-50,000 inikela ngokusebenza kahle ezimbonini ezahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Ermaksan ingenye inkampani ehamba phambili yemishini, ekhiqiza imishini engaphezu kuka-3000 ngonyaka, ehlanganiswe kakhulu namalaser e-CO2. Manje sebehlinzeka ngemishini ye-kilowatt fiber laser.
I-Nukon yasebenzisa ama-laser e-fiber futhi yathumela ngaphandle kwemishini emine ekhiqiziwe. Inkampani izokwenza a€3 million utshalomali ukuze kuncishiswe inqubo yokukhiqiza kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-60 kuye kweziyi-15.
I-Servenom yasungulwa ngo-2007 futhi yaqala impilo yayo yokukhiqiza ngokusika nokumaka kwe-CNC laser kanye nokukhiqizwa komshini we-CNC plasma metal processing. Ihlose ukuba ngolunye lwemikhiqizo ethandwayo emhlabeni wonke emkhakheni wayo. Ngayo€200 million inzuzo, Coskunöz waqala imisebenzi ehambisana nemboni yokukhiqiza yaseTurkey ngo-1950 futhi manje isingelinye lamaqembu ezimboni ezihamba phambili. I-Ajan yasungulwa ngo-1973, futhi eminyakeni embalwa edlule ibigxile ekusikeni nasekubunjweni kwensimbi.
Ngo-2005, ukuthunyelwa kwe-laser yaseTurkey kwafinyelela ku-$480,000 (ama-laser angu-23), kanti ukuthengwa kwe-laser kwakungamadola ayizigidi ezingu-45.2 (ama-laser angu-740). Lawa mazinga akhuphuka kancane kancane unyaka ngamunye ngaphandle kwango-2009, lapho imiphumela yokuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni wonke ihlasela, futhi amazinga okuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ehla afinyelela ku-$46.9 wezigidi asuka ku-$81.6 wezigidi ngo-2008. Amazinga abuyise cishe konke ukulahlekelwa kwawo ekupheleni kuka-2010.
Noma kunjalo, amanani okuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe awazange athintwe ukuwohloka komnotho, akhuphuka esuka ku-$7.6 million aya ku-$17.7 million ngalowo nyaka. Ngo-2011, inani eliphelele le-laser yaseTurkey ethunyelwa ngaphandle lalilinganiselwa ku-$27.8 million (ama-lasers angu-126). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinombolo zokuthekelisa, ukuthengwa kwe-laser kwakuphezulu ngesamba semali engu-$104.3 wezigidi (ama-lasers angu-1,630). Kodwa-ke, kunenkolelo yokuthi izinombolo zokungenisa nokuthekelisa ziphezulu ngamalaser angenisayo noma athekelisa njengengxenye yezinhlelo ezinamakhodi e-HS Codes ahlukile, noma ngezinye izikhathi angalungile (ukufaka ikhodi okujwayelekile kwamazwe ngamazwe kwemikhiqizo yohwebo).
Izimboni ezibalulekile
I-Turkey ithathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile embonini yezokuvikela phakathi neminyaka engama-20 edlule. Njengoba yayiyizwe elithembele kwamanye amazwe esikhathini esidlule, namuhla iTurkey ithuthukisa futhi ikhiqize imikhiqizo yayo yendabuko ngokusebenzisa amathuba kazwelonke. Ohlelweni lwamasu owezi-2012–2016, eyethulwe yi-Under-secretariat for Defence Industries, inhloso ukufinyelela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esinamandla sokuthi izinkampani zokuvikela zifake ubuchwepheshe be-laser ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizeni.
Ngokombiko we-Turkish Industrial Strategy Report ohlanganisa inkathi ephakathi kuka-2011 no-2014, inhloso yasu iyonke yezwe yanqunywa "njengokukhulisa ukuncintisana nokusebenza kahle kwemboni yaseTurkey nokusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo semboni enesabelo esiningi ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe, lapho kukhiqizwa khona ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, enenani eliphakeme elingeziwe, enezisebenzi ezifanelekayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ezwela imvelo nomphakathi." Ukuze kuzuzwe le nhloso, "ukukhulisa isisindo semikhakha yezobuchwepheshe emaphakathi nephezulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe" kungenye yezinjongo zamasu eziyisisekelo eziye zachazwa. Amandla, ukudla, izimoto, ulwazi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, "izinhlelo ze-laser ne-optical," kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imishini kuchazwa njengezindawo eziyinhloko ezizogxilwa kulo mgomo.
I-Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST) iyinhlangano esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu yokwenza inqubomgomo ye-Science-Technology-Innovation (STI) eholwa nguNdunankulu, onamandla okuthatha izinqumo ngenqubomgomo kazwelonke ye-STI. EMhlanganweni wama-23 we-SCST ngowezi-2011, kwagcizelelwa ukuthi imikhakha enenani eliphezulu eyenza ngcono inhlalakahle yezomnotho, ehlinzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwandisa ukuncintisana, ngokuqhubekayo R.&D, kufanele kubhekwe njengemikhakha ebalulekile eyandisa ukuncintisana futhi inikeze intuthuko esimeme yaseTurkey. Umkhakha we-optical ubhekwa njengomunye wale mikhakha enamandla.
Nakuba isimo embonini ye-laser siye saba ngcono ngokushesha ngenxa yokuthakasela i-fiber lasers yomkhakha wokusika kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela, iTurkey yayingenakho ukukhiqizwa kwe-laser, ingenisa wonke amamojula we-laser evela phesheya. Ngisho nangaphandle kwedatha yemboni yezokuvikela, ukungeniswa kwama-lasers kwakucishe kube yizigidi eziyi-100 zamaRandi. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-optic kanye ne-laser bamenyezelwa njengendawo yezobuchwepheshe yamasu ezosekelwa uhulumeni. Isibonelo, ngokusekelwa kukahulumeni, i-FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yasungulwa ngo-2007 njengenkampani yezimboni yokuqala ebandakanyeka ku-R.&D umsebenzi endaweni ye-fiber laser. Inkampani idizayina, ithuthukise, futhi ikhiqize amalaser e-fiber eTurkey (bona ibha eseceleni ethi "Turkey fibre laser pioneer").
Njengoba kungabonwa kulo mbiko, iTurkey isiphenduke imakethe esebenzayo yezinhlelo ze-laser zezimboni, futhi izwe selithuthukise isisekelo esandayo sabahlinzeki besistimu abahamba phambili ezimakethe eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi we-laser wasekhaya wokuqala usuqalile, ozoqala ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo zabadidiyeli bohlelo.✺
I-Turkey fiber laser iphayona
I-FiberLAST (Ankara), kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yezimboni ebambe iqhaza ku-fiber laser R&D umsebenzi eTurkey. Yasungulwa ngo-2007 ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nokwenza ama-laser we-fiber eTurkey. Isekelwa iqembu labahlanganyeli abazinze enyuvesi, i-FiberLAST's R&Ithimba le-D lenze awalo ama-laser efiber okuphathelene. Le nkampani ithuthukisa futhi ikhiqize ama-laser e-fiber ngokubambisana kwe-Bilkent University kanye ne-Middle East Technical University (METU). Nakuba okugxilwe kakhulu ezinhlelweni zezimboni, inkampani ingase futhi yakhe amasistimu e-fiber laser ngezidingo ezikhethekile zamakhasimende kanye nezicelo zezemfundo nezesayensi. I-FiberLAST ihehe uhulumeni omkhulu u-R&D ngezimali kuze kube manje, njengoba sebesayine izinkontileka zocwaningo ne-KOSGEB (inhlangano kahulumeni yokuxhasa osomabhizinisi abancane nabaphakathi) kanye ne-TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). I-FiberLAST inekhono lokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo futhi ikusebenzise emikhiqizweni yayo kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yobunikazi nemisha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngalezi zindlela. ubuchwepheshe bayo obuthuthukisiwe be-fiber laser sebuvele busemakethe yokumaka izicelo.
