Kusuka ku: www.industrial-lasers.com
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser kanye nokusekelwa kukahulumeni kuyaqhubeka nokukhula
UKoray Eken
Umnotho ohlukahlukene, ukusondela eYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nase-Asia Ephakathi, ukuhlanganiswa nezimakethe zakwamanye amazwe, isisekelo sangaphandle sokungena kwe-EU, ukuphathwa komnotho okuqinile, kanye nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo yizona zinto ezibangela amathemba esikhathi eside eTurkey. Kusukela enkingeni yango-2001, leli lizwe libe nempumelelo enkulu ekukhuleni emhlabeni ngokukhula komnotho izikhawu ezingu-27 zilandelana phakathi kuka-2002 no-2008 ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqiza, okwaba umnotho we-17 ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Imboni yemishini, ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni kwawo wonke amazwe, ibilokhu iyimbangela yenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni yaseTurkey, ngokukhula okusheshayo okusekelwe emikhiqizweni enenani eliphezulu kanye neminikelo kweminye imikhakha. Ngenxa yalokhu, imboni yemishini ibe nempumelelo enkulu kunezinye izinhlaka zemboni yokukhiqiza, futhi inani lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lihlale lingaphezu kwesilinganiso sokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezimboni zaseTurkey zizonke. Ngokuphathelene nenani lemishini ekhiqizwayo, iTurkey isendaweni yesithupha eYurophu.
Imboni yemishini eTurkey ibilokhu ikhula ngesilinganiso esicishe sibe ngu-20% ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1990. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kwaqala ukuthatha ingxenye ekhulayo yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ezweni, futhi ngo-2011, kwadlula u-$11.5 billion (8.57%) wempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke ($134.9 billion), okwakuwukwenyuka ngo-22.8% ngaphezu konyaka odlule.
Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyi-100 izwe lasungulwa ngo-2023, imboni yemishini yanikezwa umgomo omkhulu wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ukuze ifinyelele amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 aseMelika okuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngesabelo esingu-2.3% semakethe yomhlaba wonke. Imboni yemishini yaseTurkey kwakulindelwe ukuthi ibe nesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe (CAGR) esingu-17.8% ngo-2023, lapho isabelo somkhakha sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe eTurkey kulindeleke ukuthi sibe ngaphansi kuka-18%.
Ama-SME
Ukukhula komkhakha wemishini waseTurkey kusekelwa amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) ancintisana kakhulu futhi avumelana nezimo, akha ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo wezimboni. Ama-SME aseTurkey anikeza abasebenzi abasebasha, abanamandla, nabaqeqeshwe kahle kuhlanganiswe nesimo sengqondo somsebenzi sobungcweti. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezimali zama-SME, kunezikhuthazo ezithile ezinikezwayo, okuhlanganisa ukukhululwa ezinteleni zentela, ukukhululwa kwi-VAT kwemishini nemishini ethengwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukwabiwa kwesikweletu esibhajethini, kanye nokusekelwa kwesiqinisekiso sesikweletu. Ngokufanayo, iNhlangano Yokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Encane Nephakathi (i-KOSGEB) yenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuqiniseni ama-SME ngezinsimbi ezahlukene zokusekela ezimalini, e-R&D, ezindaweni ezivamile, ocwaningweni lwemakethe, ezindaweni zokutshalwa kwezimali, ukumaketha, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuqeqeshwa. Ngo-2011, i-KOSGEB yachitha u-$208.3 million kulokhu kusekelwa.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwesabelo semikhakha yemishini ekuthunyelweni kwezimboni okuphelele okuqukethe ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, izindleko ze-R&D ziqale ukwanda muva nje. Ngo-2010, izindleko ze-R&D zifinyelele ku-$6.5 billion, okwakha u-0.84% we-GDP. Ukuze kwandiswe futhi kukhuthazwe imisebenzi ye-R&D, izikhungo zikahulumeni zinikeza izikhuthazo eziningi ze-R&D.
I-Industrial Laser Solutions ibilokhu ilandelela ukubaluleka kwesifunda saseNtshonalanga Asia, futhi ikakhulukazi iTurkey, njengemakethe ye-laser ebaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-IPG Photonics ivule ihhovisi elisha e-Istanbul, eTurkey, ukuze inikeze ukwesekwa kwendawo kanye nensizakalo yama-fiber laser enkampani eTurkey nakwamanye amazwe aseduze. Lokhu kubonisa ukuzibophezela kwe-IPG kulesi sifunda, okuzokwenza inkampani ikwazi ukunikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe okusheshayo nokuqondile kuma-OEM amaningi okusika i-laser eTurkey asebenzisa ama-fiber laser awo asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Umlando wokucubungula nge-laser eTurkey
Umlando wokucubungula i-laser eTurkey waqala ngezinhlelo zokusika ngawo-1990, lapho imishini yokusika engenisiwe, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi bemishini baseYurophu, ifakwa ezinkampanini zezimoto kanye nezimboni zokuvikela. Namuhla, ama-laser okusika asavame kakhulu. Kuze kube ngu-2010, ama-laser e-CO2 ayebusa njengamathuluzi asezingeni le-kilowatt okusika izinsimbi ezincane nezinkulu nge-2D. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-laser e-fiber aqala ukusebenza kakhulu.
UTrumpf noRofin-Sinar bangabahlinzeki abahamba phambili bama-laser e-CO2, kuyilapho i-IPG ibusa kakhulu kuma-laser e-fiber, ikakhulukazi kuma-laser okumaka nama-kilowatt. Abanye abahlinzeki abakhulu njenge-SPI Lasers kanye ne-Rofin-Sinar nabo banikeza imikhiqizo ye-laser ye-fiber.
Kunezinkampani eziningi ezihlanganisa izinhlelo ze-laser ngokusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo ezingenhla. Ezinye zazo zithumela imikhiqizo eziyihlanganisa e-US, e-India, eJalimane, eRussia naseBrazil. I-Durmazlar (eBursa, eTurkey – http//tr.durmazlar.com.tr), i-Ermaksan (eBursa – www.ermaksan.com.tr), i-Nukon (eBursa – www.nukon.com.tr), i-Servenom (eKayseri – www.servonom.com.tr), i-Coskunöz (eBursa – www.coskunoz.com.tr), kanye ne-Ajan (e-Izmir – www.ajamcnc.com) zinesabelo esikhulu semali engenayo ye-laser yaseTurkey, kanti i-Durmazlar iyisihlanganisi esikhulu kunazo zonke semishini yokusika i-laser eTurkey. I-Durmazlar, eqala ngemishini yokusika i-laser ye-CO2, ikhiqize imishini yokusika i-laser ye-kilowatt eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Le nkampani manje ikhiqiza imishini yokusika engaphezu kuka-40 ngenyanga, eyi-10 yayo manje iyiyunithi ye-laser ye-kilowatt fiber. Namuhla imishini ye-Durma engu-50,000 inikela ngokusebenza kahle ezimbonini ezahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Ermaksan ingenye inkampani ehamba phambili yemishini, ekhiqiza imishini engaphezu kuka-3000 minyaka yonke, ehlanganiswe kakhulu nama-laser e-CO2. Manje banikeza nemishini ye-kilowatt fiber laser.
INukon isebenzise ama-fiber laser futhi yathumela imishini yokuqala kwemine eyenziwe. Le nkampani izokwenza utshalomali lwezigidi ezintathu zama-euro ukunciphisa inqubo yokukhiqiza yamanje kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-60 kuya ezinsukwini eziyi-15.
I-Servenom yasungulwa ngo-2007 futhi yaqala impilo yayo yokukhiqiza ngokusika nokumaka nge-laser ye-CNC kanye nokukhiqizwa komshini wokucubungula insimbi ye-CNC plasma. Ihlose ukuba ngomunye wemikhiqizo ethandwayo emhlabeni emkhakheni wayo. Ngokwenza kwayo inzuzo eyizigidi ezingama-€200, iCoskunöz yaqala imisebenzi ehambisana nomkhakha wokukhiqiza waseTurkey ngo-1950 futhi manje ingenye yamaqembu ezimboni ahamba phambili. I-Ajan yasungulwa ngo-1973, futhi eminyakeni embalwa edlule ibilokhu igxile ekusikeni nasekubunjweni kwensimbi eshidi.
Ngo-2005, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser eTurkey kwafinyelela ku-$480,000 (ama-laser angu-23), kanti ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser kwakungu-$45.2 million (ama-laser angu-740). Lawa mazinga akhuphuka kancane kancane unyaka ngamunye ngaphandle kuka-2009, lapho imiphumela yokwehla komnotho womhlaba wonke ishaya khona, futhi amazinga okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ehla afinyelela ku-$46.9 million kusukela ku-$81.6 million ngo-2008. Amanani abuyisa cishe konke ukulahlekelwa kwawo ekupheleni kuka-2010.
Noma kunjalo, amazinga okuthumela kwamanye amazwe awazange athintwe ukwehla komnotho, akhuphuka esuka ku-$7.6 million kuya ku-$17.7 million ngalowo nyaka. Ngo-2011, inani eliphelele lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nge-laser eTurkey lalicishe libe ngu-$27.8 million (ama-laser angu-126). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinombolo zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, ukungeniswa kwe-laser kwakuphakeme ngesamba esingu-$104.3 million (ama-laser angu-1,630). Kodwa-ke, kukholelwa ukuthi izinombolo zokungenisa kanye nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ziphakeme ngama-laser angenisa noma athumela kwamanye amazwe njengengxenye yezinhlelo ezinamakhodi e-HS ahlukene, ngisho nangezinye izikhathi angalungile (ikhodi ejwayelekile yamazwe ngamazwe yemikhiqizo yezohwebo).
Izimboni ezibalulekile
ITurkey ithathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile embonini yezokuvikela eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Njengoba iyizwe elithembele kwamanye amazwe esikhathini esidlule, namuhla iTurkey ithuthukisa futhi ikhiqize imikhiqizo yayo yendabuko ngamathuba kazwelonke. Ohlelweni lwesu lwango-2012-2016, olwethulwe yi-Under-Secretariat for Defense Industries, inhloso ukufinyelela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili (US$2 billion) okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezokuvikela. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esikhulu sezinkampani zokuvikela ukuthi zibandakanye ubuchwepheshe be-laser ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizweni.
Ngokusho kwe-Turkish Industrial Strategy Report ehlanganisa isikhathi esiphakathi kuka-2011 no-2014, inhloso yesu lezwe lonke yanqunywa ngokuthi "ukwandisa ukuncintisana kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemboni yaseTurkey nokusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo semboni esinesabelo esikhulu ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele, lapho kukhiqizwa khona imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, enenani eliphezulu, enabasebenzi abafanelekile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ezwela imvelo kanye nomphakathi." Ukuze kufezwe le nhloso, "ukwandisa isisindo semikhakha yobuchwepheshe obuphakathi nobuphezulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe" kungenye yezinhloso eziyisisekelo zesu ezichazwe kabanzi. Amandla, ukudla, izimoto, ulwazi, nobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, "izinhlelo ze-laser kanye ne-optical," kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imishini kuchazwa njengezindawo eziyinhloko ezizogxila kulo mgomo.
UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe (i-SCST) uyinhlangano ephakeme kakhulu yokwenza izinqubomgomo zeSayensi-Ubuchwepheshe-Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha (i-STI) eholwa nguNdunankulu, onamandla okwenza izinqumo zenqubomgomo kazwelonke ye-STI. Emhlanganweni wama-23 we-SCST ngo-2011, kwagcizelelwa ukuthi imikhakha enenani eliphezulu ethuthukisa inhlalakahle yezomnotho, ehlinzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe futhi ekhulisa ukuncintisana, ngokuqhubeka nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa, kufanele ibhekwe njengemikhakha ebalulekile ekhulisa ukuncintisana futhi ihlinzeke ngentuthuko esimeme yeTurkey. Umkhakha we-optical ubhekwa njengomunye wale mikhakha enamandla.
Nakuba isimo embonini ye-laser sithuthuke ngokushesha ngenxa yentshisekelo kuma-fiber lasers emkhakheni wokusika kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela, iTurkey yayingenayo i-laser production, ingenisa wonke amamojula e-laser avela kwamanye amazwe. Ngisho noma ingenayo idatha yemboni yezokuvikela, ukungeniswa kwama-laser kwakungaba yizigidi eziyi-100 zamaRandi. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-optic kanye ne-laser bamenyezelwa njengendawo yezobuchwepheshe eqondisiwe ezosekelwa uhulumeni. Isibonelo, ngokusekelwa nguhulumeni, i-FiberLAST (Ankara - www.fiberlast.com.tr) yasungulwa ngo-2007 njengenkampani yokuqala yezimboni ehilelekile emsebenzini we-R&D endaweni ye-fiber laser. Le nkampani iklama, ithuthukisa, futhi ikhiqiza ama-fiber lasers eTurkey (bheka eceleni elithi "Turkey fiber laser pioneer").
Njengoba kungabonakala kulo mbiko, iTurkey isibe yimakethe ephilayo yezinhlelo ze-laser zezimboni, futhi izwe liphinde lakha isisekelo esikhulayo sabaphakeli bezinhlelo esithuthuka ezimakethe eziningi zomhlaba wonke. Umsebenzi we-laser wasekhaya oqalayo usuqalile, ozoqala ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo zabahlanganisi bezinhlelo. ✺
Iphayona le-fiber laser laseTurkey
I-FiberLAST (Ankara), yayiyinkampani yokuqala yezimboni ehilelekile emsebenzini we-fiber laser R&D eTurkey. Yasungulwa ngo-2007 ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa, nokukhiqiza ama-fiber laser eTurkey. Isekelwa yiqembu labalingani abaseyunivesithi, ithimba le-R&D le-FiberLAST lithuthukise ama-fiber laser alo azimele. Le nkampani ithuthukisa futhi ikhiqiza ama-fiber laser ngokubambisana kweBilkent University kanye neMiddle East Technical University (METU). Ngenkathi ukugxila okuyinhloko kusezinhlelweni zezimboni, inkampani ingathuthukisa futhi izinhlelo ze-fiber laser zezidingo ezikhethekile zamakhasimende kanye nezicelo zemfundo nezesayensi. I-FiberLAST idonsele uxhaso olukhulu lwe-R&D lukahulumeni kuze kube manje, njengoba isayine izinkontileka zocwaningo ne-KOSGEB (inhlangano kahulumeni yokusekela osomabhizinisi abancane nabaphakathi) kanye ne-TUBITAK (I-Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). I-FiberLAST inekhono lokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo nokukusebenzisa emikhiqizweni yayo kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo eyimfihlo nemisha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngalezi zindlela, ubuchwepheshe bayo be-fiber laser obuthuthukisiwe busevele busemakethe yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokumaka.
